植物功能性状及其叶经济谱对城市热环境的响应
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摘要
【目的】了解植物功能性状及叶经济谱对城市热环境的响应,有助于从功能生态学角度理解植物对城市环境的适应机制。【方法】以北京热环境高温点和低温点常见绿化树种国槐、栾树和洋白蜡为研究对象,测定地表温度、土壤含水量及叶功能性状指标。【结果】(1)城市热环境地表温度表现为高温点(HTR)显著高于低温点(CTR)(P<0.05);土壤含水量则表现为CTR相对大于HTR,但未达到显著水平。(2)城市热环境对不同树种影响存在一定差异,其中对国槐、栾树的影响主要源于高温胁迫,对洋白蜡的影响主要源于干旱胁迫。(3)在城市热环境中,叶性状关系与全球尺度基本一致,比叶面积(SLA)与叶绿素含量(CHL)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶组织密度(LTD)呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01);CHL与LDMC、LTD间存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);LDMC与LTD间呈现显著的正相关关系(P<0.05)。气孔密度(SD)与气孔面积(SS)、气孔开度(SA)、SLA之间分别呈负相关关系,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。(4)RDA结果显示,植物功能性状指标中SLA主要受地表温度的正向影响(R2=0.97,P<0.05),但土壤水分含量对它们具有负向影响(R2=0.75,P<0.05);地表温度对LDMC、LTD、CHL有正向作用,但土壤含水量对它们有负向作用。【结论】全球叶经济谱在城市热环境中也同样存在,总体上向"快速投资-收益"型一端偏移,在HTR植物具有低的SLA,小的SS和SA,高的CHL、LDMC、LTD和SD,以适应高温、干旱的特殊生境。因此,在城市绿化植物配置时,在热环境高值区应选择耐高温、耐旱的树种,同时采取降温、灌溉等措施来降低高温的影响。
[Objective] Exploring variations of plant functional traits and leaf economics spectrum along urban thermal environment provides a chemical basis for examining species strategies as shaped by their local habitat. [Method]In this study,we quantified the land surface temperature,soil moisture content and leaf functional traits of Sophora japonica,Koelreuteria paniculate and Fraxinus pennsylvanica,which were grown in urban thermal environment in Beijing. [Result ]( 1) The urban thermal environment significantly increased the land surface temperature( P < 0. 05), and showed high temperatureregion( HTR) > low temperature region( CTR); the soil moisture content was CTR > HTR,but the difference was not significant( P > 0. 05).( 2) There were some differences in the effects of urban thermal environment on different tree species. The effects of urban thermal environment on Sophora japonica and Koelreuteria paniculate were mainly originated from high temperature stress,and its effects on Fraxinus pennsylvanica were mainly originated from drought stress,especially in high temperature environments.( 3) The relationships between leaf traits under the urban thermal environment were similar to those on the global scale. Specific leaf area( SLA) presented significant negative correlation with chlorophyll content( CHL),leaf dry matter content( LDMC) and leaf tissue density( LTD)( P <0. 01). CHL presented significant positive correlation with LDMC and LTD( P < 0. 01),and there was a positive correlation between LDMC and LTD( P < 0. 05). Stomatal density( SD) showed a negative correlation with stomatal size( SS),stomatal aperture( SA) and SLA,but they did not reach a significant level( P > 0. 05).( 4) RDA results showed that SLA was mainly affected by land surface temperature( R2= 0. 97,P < 0. 05),but soil moisture content had negative effects on plant functional traits( R2=0. 75,P < 0. 05). Land surface temperature had positive effects on LDMC,LTD,and CHL,but soil moisture content had negative effects on them. [Conclusion] The results of this study indicated that a leaf economics spectrum also existed in plant species in the urban thermal environment with a quick investment-return on the leaf economics spectrum. The species in HTR had lower SLA,SS and SA,higher CHL,LDMC,LTD and SD,which may be involved in the adaptation of plants to high-temperature and arid conditions. Therefore,when planting plants in urban areas,heat-resistant and drought-tolerant tree species should be selected in HTR. At the same time,the effects of high temperature should be reduced by increasing cooling and irrigation in the growing season.
[Objective] Exploring variations of plant functional traits and leaf economics spectrum along urban thermal environment provides a chemical basis for examining species strategies as shaped by their local habitat. [Method]In this study,we quantified the land surface temperature,soil moisture content and leaf functional traits of Sophora japonica,Koelreuteria paniculate and Fraxinus pennsylvanica,which were grown in urban thermal environment in Beijing. [Result ]( 1) The urban thermal environment significantly increased the land surface temperature( P < 0. 05), and showed high temperatureregion( HTR) > low temperature region( CTR); the soil moisture content was CTR > HTR,but the difference was not significant( P > 0. 05).( 2) There were some differences in the effects of urban thermal environment on different tree species. The effects of urban thermal environment on Sophora japonica and Koelreuteria paniculate were mainly originated from high temperature stress,and its effects on Fraxinus pennsylvanica were mainly originated from drought stress,especially in high temperature environments.( 3) The relationships between leaf traits under the urban thermal environment were similar to those on the global scale. Specific leaf area( SLA) presented significant negative correlation with chlorophyll content( CHL),leaf dry matter content( LDMC) and leaf tissue density( LTD)( P <0. 01). CHL presented significant positive correlation with LDMC and LTD( P < 0. 01),and there was a positive correlation between LDMC and LTD( P < 0. 05). Stomatal density( SD) showed a negative correlation with stomatal size( SS),stomatal aperture( SA) and SLA,but they did not reach a significant level( P > 0. 05).( 4) RDA results showed that SLA was mainly affected by land surface temperature( R2= 0. 97,P < 0. 05),but soil moisture content had negative effects on plant functional traits( R2=0. 75,P < 0. 05). Land surface temperature had positive effects on LDMC,LTD,and CHL,but soil moisture content had negative effects on them. [Conclusion] The results of this study indicated that a leaf economics spectrum also existed in plant species in the urban thermal environment with a quick investment-return on the leaf economics spectrum. The species in HTR had lower SLA,SS and SA,higher CHL,LDMC,LTD and SD,which may be involved in the adaptation of plants to high-temperature and arid conditions. Therefore,when planting plants in urban areas,heat-resistant and drought-tolerant tree species should be selected in HTR. At the same time,the effects of high temperature should be reduced by increasing cooling and irrigation in the growing season.
引文
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[4]Duan J L,Song X,Zhang X L.Spatiotemporal variation of urban heat island in Zhengzhou City based on RS DUAN[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011(1):165--170.
[5]侯鹏,蒋卫国,曹广真.城市湿地热环境调节功能的定量研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(3):191--196.Hou P,Jiang W G,Cao G Z.Quantitative analyses of thermal regulation function of urban wetland[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2010,32(3):191--196.
[6]Lun I,Mochida A,Ooka R.Progress in numerical modelling for urban thermal environment studies[J].Advances in Building Energy Research,2009,3(1):147-188.
[7]Fernández F J,Alvarez-Vázquez L J,García-Chan N,et al.Optimal location of green zones in metropolitan areas to control the urban heat island[J].Journal of Computational&Applied Mathematics,2015,289(C):412--425.
[8]冯悦怡,胡潭高,张力小.城市公园景观空间结构对其热环境效应的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(12):3179-3187.Feng Y Y,Hu T G,Zhang L X.Impacts of structure characteristics on the thermal environment effect of city parks[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(12):3179--3187.
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[10]Priyadarsini R,Hien W N,David C K W.Microclimatic modelingof the urban thermal environment of Singapore to mitigate urban heat island[J].Solar Energy,2008,82(8):727--745.
[11]王亚婷,范连连.城市热岛对植物生长的影响以及叶片形态构成的适应性[J].生态学报,2011,30(20):5992--5998.Wang Y T,Fan L L.Effect of urban heat island on plant growth and adaptability of leaf morphology constitute[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,30(20):5992--5998.
[12]Shipley B,Lechowicz M J,Wright I,et al.Fundamental tradeoffs generating the worldwide leaf economics spectrum[J].Ecology,2006,87(3):535--541.
[13]Royer D L,Miller I M,Peppe D J,et al.Leaf economic traits from fossils support a weedy habit for early angiosperms[J].American Journal of Botany,2010,97(3):438-445.
[14]Wright I J,Reich P B,Westoby M,et al.The worldwide leaf economics spectrum[J].Nature,2004,428:821.
[15]陈莹婷,许振柱.植物叶经济谱的研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(10):1135--1153.Chen Y T,Xu Z Z.Review on research of leaf economics spectrum[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2014,38(10):1135--1153.
[16]张耘,于强,李梦莹,等.基于En KF-3DVar模型的海淀区地表温度模拟[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(9):166-172.Zhang Y,Yu Q,Li M Y,et al.Simulation of land surface temperature in Haidian District based on En KF-3DVar model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(9):166--172.
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