土地多重效益与生物多样性保护补偿
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摘要
生物多样性及其提供的生态服务功能不仅为人类的生存和发展提供了物质基础,也为人类适应局地和全球的环境变化带来了机会。然而,生物多样性主流化不足被认为是当前《生物多样性公约》目标未能实现的主要原因。2020年,《公约》第15次缔约方大会计划在中国昆明召开,大会将审议通过"2020后全球生物多样性保护框架"。为适应新的全球战略,提出中国生物多样性保护的主流化的建议:(1)我国现有的森林和草原生态保护政策应纳入生物多样性目标;(2)将农田的生物多样性保护功能纳入到我国的生态保护政策;(3)将生物多样性全面纳入到生态保护政策的考核指标;(4)建立生物多样性监测和评估的专业机构和队伍。
Biodiversity and the ecological service functions it provides not only provide a material basis for human survival and development, but also provide opportunities for human adaptation to local and global environmental changes. However, the lack of mainstreaming of biodiversity is considered to be the main reason for the current failure to achieve the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. In 2020, the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention is scheduled to be held in Kunming, China, and the conference will consider the "Global Biodiversity Conservation Framework after 2020". In order to adapt to the new global strategy,the recommendations for mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in China are proposed:(1) China's existing forest and grassland ecological protection policies should be included in the biodiversity target;(2) Incorporating the biodiversity conservation function of farmland into China's ecological protection policies;(3) Integrating biodiversity into the assessment indicators of ecological protection policies;(4) Establishing professional institutions and teams for biodiversity monitoring and assessment.
Biodiversity and the ecological service functions it provides not only provide a material basis for human survival and development, but also provide opportunities for human adaptation to local and global environmental changes. However, the lack of mainstreaming of biodiversity is considered to be the main reason for the current failure to achieve the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. In 2020, the 15 th Conference of the Parties to the Convention is scheduled to be held in Kunming, China, and the conference will consider the "Global Biodiversity Conservation Framework after 2020". In order to adapt to the new global strategy,the recommendations for mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in China are proposed:(1) China's existing forest and grassland ecological protection policies should be included in the biodiversity target;(2) Incorporating the biodiversity conservation function of farmland into China's ecological protection policies;(3) Integrating biodiversity into the assessment indicators of ecological protection policies;(4) Establishing professional institutions and teams for biodiversity monitoring and assessment.
引文
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[34]环境保护部.中国履行《生物多样性公约》第五次国家报告[M].北京:环境保护部,2014.
[35]LAI C H,SMITH A T.Keystone status of plateau pikas(Ochotona curzoniae):effect of control on biodiversity of native birds[J].Biodivers Conserv,2003,12(9):1901-12.
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(1)SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.Montréal,2014。
(2)粮农组粮食和农业遗传资源委员会.罗马,2019。
(3)王昊顾,闻丞,张迪,王旭,罗玫,胡若成,顾燚芸,姚锦仙,张晓川,吴恺悦,史湘莹,朱子云,靳彤,张颖溢,拱子凌,冯杰,赵翔,李小龙.北京,2016。
(4)FAO.Rome:FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments,2019。
[2]马克平,钱迎倩.生物多样性保护及其研究进展[综述][J].应用与环境生物学报,1998(1):96-100.
[3]HIRSCH T.Global biodiversity outlook 3[M].UNEP/Earthprint,2010.
[4]冯灏.中国昆明能否挽救生物多样性?[R].中外对话,2019.
[5]MACE G M,BARRETT M,BURGESS N D,et al.Aiming higher to bend the curve of biodiversity loss[J].Nature Sustainabili ty,2018,1(9):448-51.
[6]BAILLIE J,ZHANG Y-P.Space for nature[M].American Association for the Advancement of Science,2018.
[7]DINERSTEIN E,OLSON D,JOSHI A,et al.An ecoregionbased approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm[J].Bioscience,2017,67(6):534-45.
[8]WILSON E O.Half-earth:our planet's fight for life[M].WWNorton&Company,2016.
[9]LOCKE H.Nature needs(at least)half:a necessary new agenda for protected areas[M].Protecting the Wild.Springer,2015:3-15.
[10]HUNTLEY B,REDFORD K.Mainstreaming biodiversity in Practice:a STAP advisory document[J].Global Environment Facility,Washington,DC,2014:88.
[11]UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.Mainstreaming of biodiversity across sectors including agricultural,forests and fisheries(UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/20/15)[M]//SUBSIDIARY BODYON SCIENTIFIC T A T A.Twentieth meeting,25-30 April2016.Montreal,Canada,2016.
[12]FOLEY JA,DEFRIES R,ASNER GP,et al.Global consequences of land use.[J].Science,2005,309(5734):570-4.
[13]MITTERMEIER R A.Megadiversity:Earth's biologically wealthiest nations[M].Agrupacion Sierra Madre,1997.
[14]WEN C,GU L,WANG H,et al.GAP analysis on national nature reserves in China based on the distribution of endangered species[J].Biodiversity Science,2015(23):591-600.
[15]FISCHER J,ABSON J D,BUTSIC V,et al.Land sparing versus land sharing:moving forward[J].Conservation Letters,2014,7(3):149-157.
[16]GREEN RE,CORNELL SJ,SCHARLEMANN JP,et al.Farming and the fate of wild nature.[J].Science,2005,307(5709):550-5.
[17]BEN PHALAN,ANDREW BALMFORD,RHYS E.GREEN,et al.Minimising the harm to biodiversity of producing more food globally[J].Food Policy,2011(36):62-71.
[18]RICARDO GRAU,TOBIAS KUEMMERLE,LEANDRO MACCHI.Beyond‘land sparing versus land sharing’:environmental heterogeneity,globalization and the balance between agricultural production and nature conservation[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2013,5(5):477-483.
[19]JOERN FISCHER,BERRY BROSI,GRETCHEN C Daily,et al.Should agricultural policies encourage land sparing or wildlifefriendly farming?[J].Front Ecol Environ,2008,6(7):380-385.
[20]SAYER J,SUNDERLAND T,GHAZOUL J,et al.Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture,conservation,and other competing land uses[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2013,110(21):8349-8356.
[21]MATT LIEBMAN,LISA A.SCHULTE.Enhancing agroecosystem performance and resilience through increased diversification of landscapes and cropping systems[J].Elementa,2015(3):41.
[22]刘云慧,常虹,宇振荣.农业景观生物多样性保护一般原则探讨[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(6):622-627.
[23]芦千文,姜长云.欧盟农业农村政策的演变及其对中国实施乡村振兴战略的启示[J].中国农村经济,2018(10):119-35.
[24]PE'ER G,DICKS LV,VISCONTI P,et al.Agriculture policy.eu agricultural reform fails on biodiversity.[J].Science,2014,344(6188):1090-2.
[25]刘武兵,李婷.欧盟CAP的直接支付:2014-2020年[J].世界农业,2016(6):70-77,223.
[26]LANZ S.Article on economics:Main aspects of the Agricultural Policy for 2014-2017[M]//FOAG.Bern.2012.
[27]HERZOG F,FORSCHUNGSANSTALT AGROSCOPE RECKENHOLZ-T-NIKON.Biodiversity indicators for European farming systems:a guidebook[M].Ettenhausen:Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz-T-nikon ART,2012.
[28]李黎.瑞士牧民怎么保护高山牧场[R/OL].(2015-04-16)[2019-05-08].http://www.360doc.com/conte nt/16/0415/00/19227336_550709237.shtml.
[29]SCHMELLER D S,HENRY P,JULLIARD R,et al.Advantages of volunteer-based biodiversity monitoring in europe.[J].Conservation Biology,2009,23(2):307-16.
[30]中国绿色发展高层论坛.国家林业和草原局的自然保护地“新版图”[R/OL].(2018-04-01)[2019-05-08].http://www.sohu.com/a/226972736_195205.
[31]中华人民共和国国务院.全国主体功能区规划的通知(国发[2010]46号)[M].北京:中华人民共和国国务院,2010.
[32]中华人民共和国生态环境部.中国生态环境状况公报[M].北京:中华人民共和国生态环境部,2018:55.
[33]中华人民共和国财政部.部分转移支付项目分地区情况表[M].北京:中华人民共和国财政部,2019.
[34]环境保护部.中国履行《生物多样性公约》第五次国家报告[M].北京:环境保护部,2014.
[35]LAI C H,SMITH A T.Keystone status of plateau pikas(Ochotona curzoniae):effect of control on biodiversity of native birds[J].Biodivers Conserv,2003,12(9):1901-12.
[36]SMITH T A,FOGGIN M J.The plateau pika(ochotona curzoniae)is a keystone species for biodiversity on the tibetan plateau[J].Anim Conserv,1999,2(4):235-240.
(1)SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.Montréal,2014。
(2)粮农组粮食和农业遗传资源委员会.罗马,2019。
(3)王昊顾,闻丞,张迪,王旭,罗玫,胡若成,顾燚芸,姚锦仙,张晓川,吴恺悦,史湘莹,朱子云,靳彤,张颖溢,拱子凌,冯杰,赵翔,李小龙.北京,2016。
(4)FAO.Rome:FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments,2019。
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