华南地块雪峰山中生代板内造山带构造样式及其形成机制
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摘要
华南大地构造核心问题之一是江南—雪峰山造山带的属性。在前人工作基础上,对横切雪峰山造山带的地质剖面进行了详细的区域地质、构造变形和部分重点区段地震反射剖面深部构造解释,划分出5个大地构造单元:(1)湘中复合逆冲构造带。该带位处雪峰山造山带东部,以龙山复合构造穹隆等为代表,是近EW向加里东造山带与NE向燕山造山带复合叠加的结果;其中燕山期构造样式总体为倾向SE逆冲断层控制的尖棱背斜构造。(2)雪峰山厚皮逆冲构造带。该带西以大庸逆冲断裂为界,带内板溪群浅变质褶皱基底大面积出露,总体发育指向NW的断层-褶皱组合。断坪-断坡式逆冲断层从板溪群内部薄弱层发育,向浅部产状明显变陡,并导致新元古界板溪群逆冲于古生界之上,控制了沅麻等中生代盆地的形成,沿断坡形成紧闭背斜和沿断坪形成宽缓向斜;表明其为典型的断层相关褶皱。断层褶皱组合与地表剥蚀共同作用,形成飞来峰和构造窗。(3)以梵净山构造穹隆为代表的梵净山—走马构造穹隆带。该带呈NE向长垣状,核部出露新元古界下部梵净山群。断坪-断坡式逆冲断层深切梵净山群,在断层上盘形成不对称箱状背斜。因此总体为典型的厚皮逆冲作用下的断层相关褶皱。(4)隔槽式逆冲构造带。此带主要发育一系列轴向NE的箱状背斜和尖棱向斜。箱状背斜核部为寒武系,向深部卷入震旦系—板溪群,形成基底卷入的断层-褶皱组合,其浅部形成叠瓦状逆冲断层-褶皱组合,从而构成主动双重逆冲构造。(5)华蓥山断裂与齐岳山断裂间的隔档式薄皮构造带。带内以发育尖棱背斜和箱状向斜为特征,是倾向SE断坪-断坡控制下的断展褶皱组合。上述5个构造单元变形区域卷入了上三叠统—下侏罗统,但为上白垩统角度不整合覆盖,表明变形时间为中生代中晚期,并且有从SE向NW渐次变新的趋势。将各构造单元及不同构造层次构造组合联系起来,建立起以断层相关褶皱为基本构造样式,从SE向NW,从深部向浅部发展的雪峰山中生代板内造山带的递进演化运动学新模式。
One of the key scientific issues related to tectonics of the South China Block focuses on the nature of the Jiangnan-Xuefeng orogenic belt.In this study,structural style and kinematics of five tectonic units,namely the Xiangzhong composite thrust belt,Xuefengshan thick-skinned thrust belt,Fanjingshan-Zouma domal belt,trough-like fault-fold thrust belt and ejective thin-skinned thrust belt,are identified along a geological cross-section of the Xuefeng orogenic belt with detailed profiles of regional geology,deformation and seismic interpretation.Our study shows:(1)The Xiangzhong composite thrust belt in the eastern Xuefeng orogenic belt is represented by the Longshan composite tectonic dome.This dome has structural style of the SE-dipping thrust fault-related Mesozoic chevron anticline,which overprinted the EW-striking Caledonian anticline.(2)The Xuefengshan thick-skinned thrust belt is bordered by the Dayong thrust fault to the west,and outcrops extensively the shallow metamorphic Banxi Group.This belt has the NW fault-related folds with smaller slip flat-ramp fault,where flat developed along the weak layers within the Banxi group while ramp cuts upward,thus producing the broad syncline and tight anticline,respectively.The flat-ramp fault also resulted in the Neoproterozoic Banxi Group thrusting over the Paleozoic,and the formation of the Yuanma Basin and klippes and tectonic windows.(3)The Fanjingshan-Zouma domal belt is represented by the Fanjingshan tectonic dome.This dome has the structural style of fault-related fold,with SE-dipping flat-ramp thrust fault and hanging-wall anisomerous box anticline,which outcrops the early Neoproterozoic Fanjingshan Group in the core.Thus the Fanjingshan tectonic dome was produced by thick-skinned thrust.(4)The trough-like faultfold thrust belt contains a series of NE-striking parallel box anticlines and chevron synclines.The Cambrian outcrops in the core of the box anticlines while the Sinian-Neoproterozoic Banxi Group involves deep in the deformation.The fault developed imbricate fault-related fold in the shallow and basement involved fault-fold in the deep,making it an active duplex thrust fault.(5)The ejective thin-skinned thrust belt,situated between the Huayingshan and Qiyueshan faults,is represented by chevron anticline and box syncline with SE-dipping flat-ramp thrust fault produced by fault-propagation folding.All five tectonic units have deformations involving the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic and are unconformably covered by the Upper Cretaceous,indicating deformations occurred in the middle-late Mesozoic,and likely followed a "younging"trend from SE to NW.Therefore,this paper has proposed a new kinematic model,which contains essential features of the fault-related folds,fold evolution,and the Mesozoic intraplate progressive orogeny along the Xuefeng Mountain.
One of the key scientific issues related to tectonics of the South China Block focuses on the nature of the Jiangnan-Xuefeng orogenic belt.In this study,structural style and kinematics of five tectonic units,namely the Xiangzhong composite thrust belt,Xuefengshan thick-skinned thrust belt,Fanjingshan-Zouma domal belt,trough-like fault-fold thrust belt and ejective thin-skinned thrust belt,are identified along a geological cross-section of the Xuefeng orogenic belt with detailed profiles of regional geology,deformation and seismic interpretation.Our study shows:(1)The Xiangzhong composite thrust belt in the eastern Xuefeng orogenic belt is represented by the Longshan composite tectonic dome.This dome has structural style of the SE-dipping thrust fault-related Mesozoic chevron anticline,which overprinted the EW-striking Caledonian anticline.(2)The Xuefengshan thick-skinned thrust belt is bordered by the Dayong thrust fault to the west,and outcrops extensively the shallow metamorphic Banxi Group.This belt has the NW fault-related folds with smaller slip flat-ramp fault,where flat developed along the weak layers within the Banxi group while ramp cuts upward,thus producing the broad syncline and tight anticline,respectively.The flat-ramp fault also resulted in the Neoproterozoic Banxi Group thrusting over the Paleozoic,and the formation of the Yuanma Basin and klippes and tectonic windows.(3)The Fanjingshan-Zouma domal belt is represented by the Fanjingshan tectonic dome.This dome has the structural style of fault-related fold,with SE-dipping flat-ramp thrust fault and hanging-wall anisomerous box anticline,which outcrops the early Neoproterozoic Fanjingshan Group in the core.Thus the Fanjingshan tectonic dome was produced by thick-skinned thrust.(4)The trough-like faultfold thrust belt contains a series of NE-striking parallel box anticlines and chevron synclines.The Cambrian outcrops in the core of the box anticlines while the Sinian-Neoproterozoic Banxi Group involves deep in the deformation.The fault developed imbricate fault-related fold in the shallow and basement involved fault-fold in the deep,making it an active duplex thrust fault.(5)The ejective thin-skinned thrust belt,situated between the Huayingshan and Qiyueshan faults,is represented by chevron anticline and box syncline with SE-dipping flat-ramp thrust fault produced by fault-propagation folding.All five tectonic units have deformations involving the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic and are unconformably covered by the Upper Cretaceous,indicating deformations occurred in the middle-late Mesozoic,and likely followed a "younging"trend from SE to NW.Therefore,this paper has proposed a new kinematic model,which contains essential features of the fault-related folds,fold evolution,and the Mesozoic intraplate progressive orogeny along the Xuefeng Mountain.
引文
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[7]SHU L S,FAURE M,YU J H,et al.Geochronological and geochemical features of the Cathaysia Block(South China):new evidence for the Neoproterozoic breakup of Rodinia[J].Precambrian Research,2011,187(3):263-276.
[8]ZHAO J H,ZHOU M F,YAN D P,et al.Reappraisal of the ages of Neoproterozoic strata in South China:no connection with the Grenvillian orogeny[J].Geology,2011,39(4):299-302.
[9]WANG W,CHEN F K,HU R Z,et al.Provenance and tectonic setting of Neoproterozoic sedimentary sequences in the South China Block:evidence from detrital zircon ages and HfNd isotopes[J].International Journal of Earth Sciences,2012,101(7):1723-1744.
[10]FAURE M,SHU L S,WANG B,et al.Intracontinental subduction:apossible mechanism for the Early Palaeozoic Orogen of SE China[J].Terra Nova,2009,21(5):360-368.
[11]WANG Y J,FAN W M,ZHAO G C,et al.Zircon U-Pb geochronology of gneissic rocks in the Yunkai Massif and its implications on the Caledonian event in the South China Block[J].Gondwana Research,2007,12(4):404-416.
[12]WANG W,ZHOU M F,YAN D P,et al.Depositional age,provenance,and tectonic setting of the Neoproterozoic Sibao Group,southeastern Yangtze Block,South China[J].Precambrian Research,2012,192:107-124.
[13]SHU L S,JAHN B M,CHARVET J,et al.Early Paleozoic depositional environment and intraplate tectono-magmatism in the Cathaysia Block(South China):evidence from stratigraphic,structural,geochemical and geochronological investigations[J].American Journal of Science,2014,314(1):154-186.
[14]QIU L,YAN D P,ZHOU M F,et al.Geochronology and geochemistry of the Late Triassic Longtan Pluton in South China:termination of the crustal melting and Indosinian Orogenesis[J].International Journal of Earth Sciences,2014,103:649-666.
[15]QIU L,YAN D P,ZHOU M F,et al.Geochemistry and UPb zircon age of Late Triassic volcanogenic sediments in the central Yangtze Block:origin and tectonic implications[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry,2015,192:211-227.
[16]QIU L,YAN D P,TANG X L,et al.Mesozoic geology of Southwestern China:Indosinian Foreland overthrusting and subsequent deformation[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2016,122:91-105.
[17]QIU L,YAN D P,YANG W X,et al.Early to Middle Triassic sedimentary records in the Youjiang Basin,south China:implications for Indosinian Orogenesis[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2017.DOI:10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.09.020.
[18]TANG S L,YAN D P,QIU L,et al.Partitioning of the Cretaceous Pan-Yangtze Basin in the central South China Block by exhumation of the Xuefeng Mountains during a transition from extensional to compressional tectonics?[J].Gondwana Research,2014,25(4):1644-1659.
[19]汤双立,颜丹平,汪昌亮,等.华南雪峰山薄皮-厚皮构造转换过程:来自桑植—安化剖面的证据[J].现代地质,2011,25(1):22-30.
[20]汪昌亮,颜丹平,张冰,等.雪峰山西部中生代厚皮逆冲推覆构造样式与变形特征研究[J].现代地质,2011,25(6):1021-1031.
[21]CHU Y,FAURE M,LIN W,et al.Early Mesozoic tectonics of the South China block:insights from the Xuefengshan Intracontinental Orogen[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2012,61:199-220.
[22]CHU Y,FAURE M,LIN W,et al.Tectonics of the Middle Triassic intracontinental Xuefengshan Belt,South China:new insights from structural and chronological constraints on the basal décollement zone[J].International Journal of Earth Sciences,2012,101(8):2125-2150.
[23]WANG Y J,ZHANG Y H,FAN W M,et al.Structural signatures and 40 Ar/39 Ar geochronology of the Indosinian Xuefengshan Tectonic Belt,South China Block[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2005,27(6):985-998.
[24]中国地质调查局.中华人民共和国地质图(1∶250万)[CM].北京:中国地图出版社,2004.
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