北京市老年人口迁移意愿及影响因素研究
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摘要
北京正处于快速老龄化阶段,随着城市化进程的加深,迁移老年人的生活环境发生着剧烈的变化。分析北京市城市功能拓展区中老年人的迁移意愿及其影响因素,具有重要的实践意义。选择北京城市功能拓展区中4个新建小区为案例区,收集有效调查问卷353份,采用描述性统计和Logistic回归研究北京市老年人口的迁移意愿及其影响因素。研究发现:已迁移老年人中,71.4%的老年人愿意迁移。与子女居住距离的变化、孙辈的出生以及居住条件的改善是自主迁移老年人迁移的主要原因。老年人生命历程的变化对迁移行为有重要影响。老年人的身体健康、经济条件、与子女居住距离和居住环境对其迁移意愿影响显著。本文的研究意义在于结合老年人迁移的影响因素与宜居社区建设政策,为构建老年宜居社区提供科学依据。
The rapid population aging is coming along with the urban expansion in Beijing in recent decades. During the urbanization process, many older people have moved from the inner urban area to the newly developed urban areas in Beijing. Older people's living environment has dramatically changed. Moreover, elder care has become an important issue in the society.This study aims to understand older people's willingness to relocation and examine various factors which affect their willingness to relocation. This quantitative analysis is based on the data from 353 valid questionnaires which were collected from the older people aged 60 and over in four residential quarters. The four sampled residential quarters were all built after 2000 in the Urban Function Extension Area of Beijing. Descriptive analysis and binary Logistic regression were applied in this study. The results showed that 252 older people(71.4% of all the samples) were willing to move. In terms of the reasons for relocation, moving closer to or moving into their adult children's families and taking care of their grandchildren were the main reasons for the older people's voluntary relocation. Moreover, the changes of life course played an important role in the older people's migration behavior. The regression results showed that participants with better health status(OR=1.53, P=0.094), higher income(OR=2.05, P=0.015),who were strongly influenced by the living distance with their adult children(OR=1.23, P=0.020), having access to elevators after the relocation(OR=1.29, P=0.062), and perceiving the green space important(OR=1.56, P=0.005) were more willing to move. The construction of age-friendly community should meet the demands for various groups of older people. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the moving behaviors of older people in the process of urban development in Beijing, and it also sheds light on future studies on healthy living environment for older people to age in place.
The rapid population aging is coming along with the urban expansion in Beijing in recent decades. During the urbanization process, many older people have moved from the inner urban area to the newly developed urban areas in Beijing. Older people's living environment has dramatically changed. Moreover, elder care has become an important issue in the society.This study aims to understand older people's willingness to relocation and examine various factors which affect their willingness to relocation. This quantitative analysis is based on the data from 353 valid questionnaires which were collected from the older people aged 60 and over in four residential quarters. The four sampled residential quarters were all built after 2000 in the Urban Function Extension Area of Beijing. Descriptive analysis and binary Logistic regression were applied in this study. The results showed that 252 older people(71.4% of all the samples) were willing to move. In terms of the reasons for relocation, moving closer to or moving into their adult children's families and taking care of their grandchildren were the main reasons for the older people's voluntary relocation. Moreover, the changes of life course played an important role in the older people's migration behavior. The regression results showed that participants with better health status(OR=1.53, P=0.094), higher income(OR=2.05, P=0.015),who were strongly influenced by the living distance with their adult children(OR=1.23, P=0.020), having access to elevators after the relocation(OR=1.29, P=0.062), and perceiving the green space important(OR=1.56, P=0.005) were more willing to move. The construction of age-friendly community should meet the demands for various groups of older people. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the moving behaviors of older people in the process of urban development in Beijing, and it also sheds light on future studies on healthy living environment for older people to age in place.
引文
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[38]Berke E M,Gottlieb L M,Moudon A V,et al.Protective association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older men.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,2007,55(4):526-33.
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[41]Smith R J,Lehning A J,Dunkle R E.Conceptualizing age-friendly community characteristics in a sample of urban elders:An exploratory factor analysis.Journal of Gerontological Social Work,2013,56(56):90-111.
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[43]Uchino B N.Social support and physical health:Understanding the health consequences of relationships.American Journal of Epidemiology,2004,10(2):102-111.
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[2]Rogers A,Castro L J.Model migration schedules.Laxenburg,Austria,International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis,1981.
[3]Wiseman R F,Virden M.Spatial and social dimensions of intraurban elderly migration.Economic Geography,1977,53(1):1-13.
[4]Longino C F,Perzynski A T,Stoller E P.Pandora's briefcase:Unpacking the retirement migration decision.Research on Aging,2002,24(1):29-49.
[5]Chevan A.Holding on and letting go:Residential mobility during widowhood.Research on Aging,1995,17(3):60-61.
[6]Alhamad A,Flowerdew R,Hayes L.Migration of elderly people to join existing households:Some evidence from the1991 household sample of anonymised records.Environment&Planning A,1997,29(7):243-55.
[7]Diepen A M L,Mulder C H.Distance to family members and relocations of older adults.Journal of Housing&the Built Environment,2009,24(1):31-46.
[8]Geller A M,Zenick H.Aging and the environment:A research framework.Environmental Health Perspectives,2005,113(9):1257-62.
[9]Hwang E,Cummings L,Sixsmith A,et al.Impacts of home modifications on aging-in-place.Journal of Housing for the Elderly,2011,25(3):246-257.
[10]Rappaport J.Moving to nice weather.Regional Science&Urban Economics,2007,37(3):375-398.
[11]Kim J H,Han J H.Myths of migration on retirement in Korea:Do the elderly move to less dense areas?.Habitat International,2014,41(1):195-204.
[12]Jauhiainen J S.Will the retiring baby boomers return to rural periphery?.Journal of Rural Studies,2009,25(1):25-34.
[13]Alsnih R,Hensher D A.The mobility and accessibility expectations of seniors in an aging population.Transportation Research Part A:Policy&Practice,2003,37(10):903-916.
[14]Oh J H.Social bonds and the migration intentions of elderly urban residents:The mediating effect of residential satisfaction.Population Research&Policy Review,2003,22(2):127-146.
[15]张航空,李双全.城市老年人口家庭经济流动类型及其影响因素分析:以上海为例.南方人口,2008,23(4):15-20.[Zhang Hangkong,Li Shuangquan.The type of intergeneration economic flow in the urban old people's families and its influencing factors:A case study in Shanghai.South China Population,2008,23(4):15-20.]
[16]丁志宏,姜向群.北京城市老人异地养老意愿的实证分析.人口与发展,2011,17(6):65-69.[Ding Zhihong,Jiang Xiangqun.Empirical analysis on the will of the supporting the aged in different areas in Beijing.Population&Development,2011,17(6):65-69.]
[17]张晓娟.广州市老龄化空间分布与老年人口迁移研究.广州:中山大学硕士学位论文,2007.[Zhang Xiaojuan.The research of the special distribution of the aging of population and migration of the aged people in Guangzhou.Guangzhou:Master Dissertation of Sun Yan-Sen University,2007.]
[18]周皓.省际人口迁移中的老年人口.中国人口科学,2002,(2):35-41.[Zhou Hao.Elderly migration inter provinces.Chinese Journal of Population Science 2002,(2):35-41.]
[19]孟向京,姜向群,宋健,等.北京市流动老年人口特征及成因分析.人口研究,2004,28(6):53-59.[Meng Xiangjing,Jiang Xiangqun,Song Jian,et al.The floating elderly population in Beijing:Characteristics and determinants.Population Research,2004,28(6):53-59.]
[20]李珊.影响移居老年人社会适应因素的研究.中国老年学杂志,2011,31(12):2301-2303.[Li Shan.Study on influence factors for migrant elderly social adaptation.Chinese Journal of Gerontology,2011,31(12):2301-2303.]
[21]Li S.Factors influencing elderly's residential satisfaction under the forced relocation of urban redevelopment.Hong Kong:Master dissertation of The University of Hong Kong,2013.
[22]Wang M,Yang Y,Jin S,et al.Social and cultural factors that influence residential location choice of urban senior citizens in China:The case of Chengdu city.Habitat International,2016,53:55-65.
[23]Rogers A.Age patterns of elderly migration:An international comparison.Demography,1988,25(3):355-70.
[24]Warnes T.Migration and the course of life.Migration processes and Patterns,1992:174-187.
[25]Longino C F.From sunbelt to sunspots.American Demographics,1994,16(11):22-31.
[26]Walters W H.Place characteristics and later-life migration.Research on Aging,2002,24(2):243-277.
[27]Somenahalli S,Shipton M.Examining the distribution of the elderly and accessibility to essential services.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2013,104(3):942-951.
[28]Sander N,Bell M.Migration and retirement in the life course:An event history approach.Journal of Population Research,2013,31(1):1-27.
[29]Chen F.Residential patterns of parents and their married children in contemporary China:A life course approach.Population Research&Policy Review,2005,24(2):125-148.
[30]Li,S.M.Life course and residential mobility in Beijing,China.Environment&Planning A,2004,36(1):27-43.
[31]杨永春,谭一洺,黄幸,等.基于文化价值观的中国城市居民住房选择:以成都市为例.地理学报,2012,67(6):841-852.[Yang Yongchun,Tan Yiming,Huangxing,et al.Housing choice of urban residents in China based on the transformation of cultural values:A case study in Chengdu.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(6):841-852.]
[32]古杰,周素红,闫小培.生命历程视角下的广州市居民居住迁移的时空路径.地理研究,2013,32(1):157-165.[Gu Jie,Zhou Suhong,Yan Xiaopei.The space-time paths of residential mobility in Guangzhou from a perspective of life course.Geographical Research,2013,32(1):157-165.]
[33]桂晶晶,柴彦威.家庭生命周期视角下的大都市郊区居民日常休闲特征:以北京市上地—清河地区为例.地域研究与开发,2014,33(2):30-35.[Gui Jingjing,Chai Yanwei.Suburban Daily leisure activities from the perspective of family life cycle:Case of Shangdi-Qinghe area in Beijing.Areal Research and Development,2014,33(2):30-35.]
[34]柴彦威,陈零极.中国城市单位居民的迁居:生命历程方法的解读.国际城市规划,2009,24(5):7-14.[Chai Yanwei,Chen Lingji.The residential mobility of urban danwei residents:A life course approach.Urban Planning International,2009,24(5):7-14.]
[35]王宇凡,冯健.基于生命历程视角的郊区居民迁居行为重构:以北京回龙观居住区为例.人文地理,2013,28(3):34-41.[Wang Yufan,Feng Jian.Restructuring of suburban residents'intra-urban migration behavior based on life course:A case study of Huilongguan community in Beijing.Human Geography,2013,28(3):34-41.]
[36]Plouffe L A,Garon S,Brownoff J,et al.Advancing age-friendly communities in Canada.Canadian Review of Social Policy,2013,68/69:24-38..
[37]Harrell R,Lynott J,Guzman S,et al.What is livable?Community preferences of older adults.Communities,2014.http://www.aarp.org/ppi.
[38]Berke E M,Gottlieb L M,Moudon A V,et al.Protective association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older men.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,2007,55(4):526-33.
[39]Menec V H,Means R,Keating N,et al.Conceptualizing age-friendly communities.Canadian Journal on Aging,2011,30(3):479-93.
[40]Cachadinha C.Characteristics of an age-friendly neighbourhood built environment:Comparison of age-friendly community models with empirical evidence.The 38th IAHS World Congress on Housing Science:Visions for the Future of Housing:Mega Cities,Istanbul:Istanbul Technical University,International Association for Housing Science,2012,677-683.
[41]Smith R J,Lehning A J,Dunkle R E.Conceptualizing age-friendly community characteristics in a sample of urban elders:An exploratory factor analysis.Journal of Gerontological Social Work,2013,56(56):90-111.
[42]Kearns A,Mason P.Regeneration,relocation and health behaviours in deprived communities.Health&Place,2015,32:43-58.
[43]Uchino B N.Social support and physical health:Understanding the health consequences of relationships.American Journal of Epidemiology,2004,10(2):102-111.
[44]Lum T Y,Lightfoot E.The effects of volunteering on the physical and mental health of older people.Research on Aging,2005,27(1):31-55.
[45]Fiori K L.Social network typologies and mental health among older adults.Journals of Gerontology,2006,61(61):25-32.
[46]Everingham J A,Petriwskyj A,Warburton J,et al.Information provision for an age-friendly community.Ageing International,2009,34(1-2):79-98.
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