洞庭湖水质污染状况及主要污染物来源分析
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摘要
分析洞庭湖的水环境变化趋势,为洞庭湖水环境治理和水环境保护提供依据。在洞庭湖共设置17个监测断面,包括5个入湖口断面、11个湖体断面、1个出湖口断面,2012-2016年每月监测1次水质,以2014年为调查基准年,对入湖河流和洞庭湖区主要污染负荷进行调查与估算。2016年,洞庭湖5个入湖口断面水质均达到或优于Ⅲ类水质标准,总体水质状况为优;11个湖体断面和1个出湖口断面总体水质为Ⅳ类,属轻度污染,Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水质断面比例分别为83.33%和16.67%;西洞庭湖的南嘴和东洞庭湖的大小西湖为Ⅴ类水质,处于中度污染状态。2016年17个断面的TN年均值1.523～2.356mg/L,TP年均值0.064～0.139mg/L。2012年洞庭湖没有Ⅴ类水质断面,2013、2014、2016年Ⅴ类水质占比约20%,2015年Ⅴ类水占52.94%。2012-2016年洞庭湖TN年均值1.411～2.746mg/L,TP年均值0.032～0.162mg/L。入洞庭湖污染物主要来源于湘江、沅江和松滋口水系,入湖通量是总氮、总磷污染物输入主要来源;洞庭湖区氮磷污染主要来源于畜禽养殖和城镇生活污水排放。
Research on the status and dynamics of water quality in Dongting Lake provides a scientific basis for managing and protecting the water environment.In this study,we tracked variations in water quality in Dongting Lake from 2012 to 2016,analyzed pollutant loading and identified primary pollutant sources based on the 2014 study of pollution sources.A total of 17 monitoring sites were set in Dongting Lake:5 at lake inlets,11 in open lake areas and 1 at the outlet.Water environmental parameters were monitored monthly from 2012 to 2016 and the single factor method was used to evaluate water quality at each site.In2016,water quality at the five lake inlet sites all met Class Ⅲ standard and was generally good.Water quality at the open lake sites and outlet met ClassⅣ and Ⅴ standards,indicating light pollution.Water quality at the Nanzui site(west Dongting Lake)and the Daxiaoxihu site(east Dongting Lake)met ClassⅤstandards,indicating moderate pollution.In 2012,water quality at all monitoring sites was better than ClassⅤ,but declined to ClassⅤ at 20% of the sites in 2013,2014 and 2016 and 52.94% of the sites in2015.TN and TP were the main pollutants.From 2012 to 2016,the annual average concentration range of TN was 1.411-2.746 mg/L and,for TP,0.032-0.162 mg/L.In 2016,the average concentration range of TN at the 17 sites was 1.523-2.356 mg/L and,for TP,0.064-0.139 mg/L.The major sources of TN and TP to Dongting Lake were inflows,primarily from Xiangjiang River,Yuanjiang River and Songzi inlet.TN was mainly from the Xiangjiang and Yuanjiang Rivers and TP was mainly from Yuanjiang River and Songzi inlet.Livestock,poultry and discharge of municipal wastewater were the primary sources of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the lake basin.
Research on the status and dynamics of water quality in Dongting Lake provides a scientific basis for managing and protecting the water environment.In this study,we tracked variations in water quality in Dongting Lake from 2012 to 2016,analyzed pollutant loading and identified primary pollutant sources based on the 2014 study of pollution sources.A total of 17 monitoring sites were set in Dongting Lake:5 at lake inlets,11 in open lake areas and 1 at the outlet.Water environmental parameters were monitored monthly from 2012 to 2016 and the single factor method was used to evaluate water quality at each site.In2016,water quality at the five lake inlet sites all met Class Ⅲ standard and was generally good.Water quality at the open lake sites and outlet met ClassⅣ and Ⅴ standards,indicating light pollution.Water quality at the Nanzui site(west Dongting Lake)and the Daxiaoxihu site(east Dongting Lake)met ClassⅤstandards,indicating moderate pollution.In 2012,water quality at all monitoring sites was better than ClassⅤ,but declined to ClassⅤ at 20% of the sites in 2013,2014 and 2016 and 52.94% of the sites in2015.TN and TP were the main pollutants.From 2012 to 2016,the annual average concentration range of TN was 1.411-2.746 mg/L and,for TP,0.032-0.162 mg/L.In 2016,the average concentration range of TN at the 17 sites was 1.523-2.356 mg/L and,for TP,0.064-0.139 mg/L.The major sources of TN and TP to Dongting Lake were inflows,primarily from Xiangjiang River,Yuanjiang River and Songzi inlet.TN was mainly from the Xiangjiang and Yuanjiang Rivers and TP was mainly from Yuanjiang River and Songzi inlet.Livestock,poultry and discharge of municipal wastewater were the primary sources of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the lake basin.
引文
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申锐莉,张建新,鲍征宇,等,2006.洞庭湖水质评价:2002-2004年[J].湖泊科学,18(3):243-249.
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田琪,李利强,欧伏平,等,2016.洞庭湖氮磷时空分布及形态组成特征[J].水生态学杂志,37(3):19-25.
田泽斌,王丽婧,李小宝,等,2014.洞庭湖出入湖污染物通量特征[J].环境科学研究,27(9):1008-1015.
王丽婧,汪星,刘录三,等,2013.洞庭湖水质因子的多元分析[J].环境科学研究,26(1):1-7.
王琦,欧伏平,张雷,等,2015.三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水环境变化及影响分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,24(11):1843-1849.
王书航,姜霞,钟立香,等,2010.巢湖沉积物不同形态氮季节性赋存特征[J].环境科学,31(4):946-953.
王伟,卢少勇,金相灿,等,2010.洞庭湖沉积物及上覆水体氮的空间分布[J].环境科学与技术,33(12F):6-10.
熊剑,喻方琴,田琪,等,2016.近30年来洞庭湖水质营养状况演变特征分析[J].湖泊科学,28(6):1217-1225.
杨胜,2011.沅江干流怀化段总磷污染成因分析与防治对策[J].硅谷,(5):121.
袁旭音,王爱华,许乃政,2004.太湖沉积物中重金属的地球化学形态及特征分析[J].地球化学,33(6):611-618.
张光贵,2015.洞庭湖表层沉积物营养盐和重金属污染特征及生态风险评价[J].水生态学杂志,36(2):25-31.
张光贵,田琪,郭晶,2015.洞庭湖表层沉积物重金属生态风险及其变化趋势研究[J].生态毒理学报,10(3):184-191.
张敏,张伟军,2011.洞庭湖水质状况分析与水环境保护研究[J].长江工程职业技术学院学报,28(4):16-18,23.
张婷,李德亮,许宝红,等,2009.西洞庭湖区养殖水体浮游植物调查与水质评价[J].水生态学杂志,2(5):12-18.
赵艳民,张雷,王丽婧,等,2017.基于筛分子水平浓度法的洞庭湖沉积物质量基准初步分析[J].湖泊科学,29(1):78-86.
LIU Jinming,ZHU Chunxia,SHI Yaojun,et a1,2012.Surveillance of Schistosoma japonicum infection in domestic ruminants in the Dongting Lake region,Hunan Province,China[J].Plos One,7(2):1-5.
QIAN Y,ZHENG M H,GAO L,et al,2005.Heavy metal contamination and its environmental risk assessment in surface sediments from Lake Dongting,People's Republic of China[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,75(1):204-210.
ROSS A G,LI Yue sheng,SLEIGH A S,et a1,1997.Epidemiologic features of Schistosoma japonicum among fishermen and other occupational groups in the Dongting Lake region(Hunan Province)of China[J].The A-merican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,57(3):302-308.
YAO Zhigang,BAO Zhengyu,GAO Pu,2006.Environmental assessments of trace metals in sediments from Dongting Lake,central China[J].Journal of China University of Geosciences,17(4):310-319.
窦鸿身,姜加虎,2000.洞庭湖[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.
郭晶,李利强,黄代中,等,2016.洞庭湖表层水和底泥中重金属污染状况及其变化趋势[J].环境科学研究,29(1):44-51.
国家环境保护总局,2002a.地表水环境质量标准:GB 3838-2002[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社.
国家环境保护总局,2002b.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社.
何介南,康文星,袁正科,2009.洞庭湖湿地污染物的来源分析[J].中国农学通报,25(17):239-244.
湖南省统计局,2015.湖南省统计年鉴2015[Z].北京:中国统计出版社.
黄代中,万群,李利强,等,2013.洞庭湖近20年水质与富营养状态变化[J].环境科学研究,26(1):27-33.
李有志,刘芬,张灿明,2011.洞庭湖湿地水环境变化趋势及成因分析[J].生态环境学报,20(8/9):1295-1300.
吕志贤,石广明,彭小丽,2016.基于污染物来源的洞庭湖水环境生态补偿主客体研究[J].中国环境管理,8(6):25-31.
李芬芳,符哲,李利强,等,2017.洞庭湖表层沉积物重金属污染状况评估[J].环境化学,36(11):2462-2471.
秦迪岚,罗岳平,黄哲,等,2012.洞庭湖水环境污染状况与来源分析[J].环境科学与技术,35(8):193-198.
申锐莉,张建新,鲍征宇,等,2006.洞庭湖水质评价:2002-2004年[J].湖泊科学,18(3):243-249.
申锐莉,鲍征宇,周曼,等,2007.洞庭湖湖区水质时空演化(1983-2004年)[J].湖泊科学,19(6):677-682.
唐敬知,杨仁斌,谈健,2014.湘江流域水质环境演变特征研究[J].环境科学与管理,39(5):62-66.
田琪,李利强,欧伏平,等,2016.洞庭湖氮磷时空分布及形态组成特征[J].水生态学杂志,37(3):19-25.
田泽斌,王丽婧,李小宝,等,2014.洞庭湖出入湖污染物通量特征[J].环境科学研究,27(9):1008-1015.
王丽婧,汪星,刘录三,等,2013.洞庭湖水质因子的多元分析[J].环境科学研究,26(1):1-7.
王琦,欧伏平,张雷,等,2015.三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水环境变化及影响分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,24(11):1843-1849.
王书航,姜霞,钟立香,等,2010.巢湖沉积物不同形态氮季节性赋存特征[J].环境科学,31(4):946-953.
王伟,卢少勇,金相灿,等,2010.洞庭湖沉积物及上覆水体氮的空间分布[J].环境科学与技术,33(12F):6-10.
熊剑,喻方琴,田琪,等,2016.近30年来洞庭湖水质营养状况演变特征分析[J].湖泊科学,28(6):1217-1225.
杨胜,2011.沅江干流怀化段总磷污染成因分析与防治对策[J].硅谷,(5):121.
袁旭音,王爱华,许乃政,2004.太湖沉积物中重金属的地球化学形态及特征分析[J].地球化学,33(6):611-618.
张光贵,2015.洞庭湖表层沉积物营养盐和重金属污染特征及生态风险评价[J].水生态学杂志,36(2):25-31.
张光贵,田琪,郭晶,2015.洞庭湖表层沉积物重金属生态风险及其变化趋势研究[J].生态毒理学报,10(3):184-191.
张敏,张伟军,2011.洞庭湖水质状况分析与水环境保护研究[J].长江工程职业技术学院学报,28(4):16-18,23.
张婷,李德亮,许宝红,等,2009.西洞庭湖区养殖水体浮游植物调查与水质评价[J].水生态学杂志,2(5):12-18.
赵艳民,张雷,王丽婧,等,2017.基于筛分子水平浓度法的洞庭湖沉积物质量基准初步分析[J].湖泊科学,29(1):78-86.
LIU Jinming,ZHU Chunxia,SHI Yaojun,et a1,2012.Surveillance of Schistosoma japonicum infection in domestic ruminants in the Dongting Lake region,Hunan Province,China[J].Plos One,7(2):1-5.
QIAN Y,ZHENG M H,GAO L,et al,2005.Heavy metal contamination and its environmental risk assessment in surface sediments from Lake Dongting,People's Republic of China[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,75(1):204-210.
ROSS A G,LI Yue sheng,SLEIGH A S,et a1,1997.Epidemiologic features of Schistosoma japonicum among fishermen and other occupational groups in the Dongting Lake region(Hunan Province)of China[J].The A-merican Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,57(3):302-308.
YAO Zhigang,BAO Zhengyu,GAO Pu,2006.Environmental assessments of trace metals in sediments from Dongting Lake,central China[J].Journal of China University of Geosciences,17(4):310-319.
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