水氮因子耦合对日光温室基质栽培番茄品质、产量及水氮利用率的影响
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摘要
为探究日光温室基质栽培番茄适宜的水、氮管理模式,以STP-F318番茄为试材,磷、钾肥施用量固定,在生育期内设置3个滴灌水平(W1～W3分别为4 646.25 mm/hm~2、3 097.50 mm/hm~2、1 548.75 mm/hm~2)和6个氮肥梯度(F1～F6分别为572.42 kg/hm~2、542.30 kg/hm~2、512.17 kg/hm~2、482.04 kg/hm~2、451.91 kg/hm~2、0 kg/hm~2),以常规农户土栽水、氮管理(7 650.00 mm/hm~2、600.00 kg/hm~2)为对照(CK),探讨了水肥一体化条件下水氮耦合对日光温室基质栽培番茄的光合特性、品质和产量等影响。结果表明:适宜的水氮耦合能显著提高叶片SPAD值和净光合速率,其中SPAD值以W1F4处理最大,为44.83; W1F2处理净光合速率最大,为16.69μmol/s~2·m。同时,各处理显著改善番茄果实品质,Vc含量以W1F3处理最高,为30.46 mg/100 g FW,较CK增加17. 61%,与其他处理间差异显著。番茄红素含量与Vc含量变化趋势一致,为5. 21～7. 80mg/100 g FW。有机酸含量较CK有降低的趋势。W3F2、W1F1和W1F3处理糖酸比分别为8.25、8.26、8.85,口感较佳。产量以W1F2处理最高,为170 985.48 kg/hm~2,较CK增产27.73%。氮肥农学利用率(NAE)与水分利用率(WUE)分别以W1F4、W3F4处理为最高,为87.34%、96.64 kg/mm·hm~2。综合分析认为,水氮耦合利于改善番茄品质,提高番茄产量和水氮利用率,生育期内滴灌4 646.25 mm/hm~2、追施氮肥542.30 kg/hm~2是基质栽培番茄较为理想的水氮管理模式。
In order to explore the appropriate water-nitrogen management pattern for tomato substrate culture in solar greenhouse,this paper studied the effects of water and nitrogen interactions on photosynthetic properties,quality and yield of protected tomato,taking tomato cv. STP-F318 as test material,fixing the quantities of phosphate and potash fertilizer application,designing 3 drip irrigation levels( W1 ～ W3: 4 646.25 mm/hm~2,3 097.50 mm/hm~2 and 1 548.75 mm/hm~2) during growth period and 6 nitrogen fertilizer grades( F1 ～ F6: 572.42 kg/hm~2,542.30 kg/hm~2,512.17 kg/hm~2,482.04 kg/hm~2,451.91 kg/hm~2 and 0 kg/hm~2),and taking the local farmers conventional irrigation and fertilization managements( 7 650. 00 mm/hm~2,600. 00 kg/hm~2) as the contrast( CK). The results showed that suitable water-nitrogen interaction could significantly increase SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of leaf,and leaf SPAD value was the largest under W1F4 treatment,reaching 44.83; and net photosynthetic rate was the largest,reaching 16.69 μmol/s~2·m under W1F2 treatment. Meanwhile,all the treatments had improved the fruit quality. The highest Vc content was obtained under W1F3 treatment,reaching 30.46 mg/100 g FW,which was 17.61% higher than that of the CK treatment,and there were significant differences between W1F3 treatment and the other treatments. The contents of lycopene and Vc showed the same changing trend as 5.21 ～ 7.80 mg/100 g·FW. While the contents of organic acid showed a decreasing trend compared with that of the CK treatment. The sugar-acid ratio of W3F2,W1F1,and W1 F3 treatments were 8.25,8. 26,and 8. 85,respectively,all with better tastes. As for the yield,W1F2 treatment had the highest yield of 170 985.48 kg/hm~2,27.73% higher than that of the CK. The nitrogen agronomic efficiency( NAE) and water use efficiency( WUE) were the highest under W1F4 and W3F4 treatments,respectively,reaching 87. 34% and 96. 64 kg/mm·hm~2. Comprehensive analysis deemed that water and nitrogen interaction could significantly improve tomato quality,increase its yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency. During the growth period,drip irrigation quota 4 646.25 mm/hm~2,nitrogen fertilizer amount 542.30 kg/hm~2 was the optimum management pattern of water and nitrogen fertilizer under substrate culture of tomato.
In order to explore the appropriate water-nitrogen management pattern for tomato substrate culture in solar greenhouse,this paper studied the effects of water and nitrogen interactions on photosynthetic properties,quality and yield of protected tomato,taking tomato cv. STP-F318 as test material,fixing the quantities of phosphate and potash fertilizer application,designing 3 drip irrigation levels( W1 ～ W3: 4 646.25 mm/hm~2,3 097.50 mm/hm~2 and 1 548.75 mm/hm~2) during growth period and 6 nitrogen fertilizer grades( F1 ～ F6: 572.42 kg/hm~2,542.30 kg/hm~2,512.17 kg/hm~2,482.04 kg/hm~2,451.91 kg/hm~2 and 0 kg/hm~2),and taking the local farmers conventional irrigation and fertilization managements( 7 650. 00 mm/hm~2,600. 00 kg/hm~2) as the contrast( CK). The results showed that suitable water-nitrogen interaction could significantly increase SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of leaf,and leaf SPAD value was the largest under W1F4 treatment,reaching 44.83; and net photosynthetic rate was the largest,reaching 16.69 μmol/s~2·m under W1F2 treatment. Meanwhile,all the treatments had improved the fruit quality. The highest Vc content was obtained under W1F3 treatment,reaching 30.46 mg/100 g FW,which was 17.61% higher than that of the CK treatment,and there were significant differences between W1F3 treatment and the other treatments. The contents of lycopene and Vc showed the same changing trend as 5.21 ～ 7.80 mg/100 g·FW. While the contents of organic acid showed a decreasing trend compared with that of the CK treatment. The sugar-acid ratio of W3F2,W1F1,and W1 F3 treatments were 8.25,8. 26,and 8. 85,respectively,all with better tastes. As for the yield,W1F2 treatment had the highest yield of 170 985.48 kg/hm~2,27.73% higher than that of the CK. The nitrogen agronomic efficiency( NAE) and water use efficiency( WUE) were the highest under W1F4 and W3F4 treatments,respectively,reaching 87. 34% and 96. 64 kg/mm·hm~2. Comprehensive analysis deemed that water and nitrogen interaction could significantly improve tomato quality,increase its yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency. During the growth period,drip irrigation quota 4 646.25 mm/hm~2,nitrogen fertilizer amount 542.30 kg/hm~2 was the optimum management pattern of water and nitrogen fertilizer under substrate culture of tomato.
引文
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[21]邢英英,张富仓,吴立峰,等.基于番茄产量品质水肥利用效率确定适宜滴灌灌水施肥量[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(增刊1):110-121.Xing Y Y,Zhang F C,Wu L F,et al..Determination of optimal amount of irrigation and fertilizer under drip fertigated system based on tomato yield,quality,water and fertilizer use efficiency[J].Trans.CSAE,2015,31(Sl):110-121.
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[2]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.Ju X T,Gu B J.Status-quo,problem and trend of nitrogen fertilization in China[J].J.Plant Nutr.Fertil.,2014,20(4):783-795.
[3]邢宇俊,程智慧,周艳丽,等.保护地蔬菜连作障碍原因及其调控[J].西北农业学报,2014,13(1):120-123.Xing Y J,Cheng Z H,Zhou Y L,et al..Causes and modulations of protected vegetable continuous cropping obstacles[J].Acta Agric.Boreali-occid.Sin.,2014,13(1):120-123.
[4]Martinez-Ruiz A,Lopez-Cruz I L,Ruiz-Garcia A,et al..Uncertainty analysis of modified Veg Syst model applied to a soilless culture tomato crop[J].Acta Horticult.,2017,1182:249-256.
[5]Kraska T,Kleinschmidt B,Weinand J,et al..Cascading use of Miscanthus as growing substrate in soilless cultivation of vegetables(tomatoes,cucumbers)and subsequent direct combustion[J].Sci.Horticult.,2018,235:205-213.
[6]季延海,赵孟良,武占会,等.番茄栽培基质中菊芋发酵秸秆的适宜配比研究[J].园艺学报,2017,44(8):1599-1608.Ji Y H,Zhao M L,Wu Z H,et al..Research on proper proportions of fermented Helianthus tuberoses straw of tomatoes in substrate culture[J].Acta Horticult.Sin.,2017,44(8):1599-1608.
[7]何诗行,何堤,许春林,等.栽培模式对设施短程栽培番茄生长及果实品质的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2017,48(8):72-78.He S H,He D,Xu C L,et al..Effect of cultivation mode on growth and fruit quality of short-time greenhouse tomato[J].J.Northeast Agric.Univ.,2017,48(8):72-78.
[8]张芳,薛绪掌,张建丰,等.基于叶片数增长动态的营养液供给对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1374-1383.Zhang F,Xue X Z,Zhang J F,et al..Effects of nutrient solution supplying mode on growth,yield and quality of tomatoes using leaf number growth dynamic[J].J.Plant Nutr.Fertil.,2016,22(5):1374-1383.
[9]蔡东升,李建明,樊翔宇,等.基质栽培营养液氮磷钾补充水平对番茄养分吸收及产量品质影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2017,48(1):7-14.Cai D S,Li J M,Fan X Y,et al..Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium supplementation on nutrient uptake,yield and quality of tomato in substrate culture[J].J.Northeast Agric.Univ.,2017,48(1):7-14.
[10]王鹏勃,李建明,丁娟娟,等.水肥耦合对温室袋培番茄品质、产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(2):314-323.Wang P B,Li J M,Ding J J,et al..Effect of water and fertilizer coupling on quality,yield and water use efficiency of tomato cultivated by organic substrate in bag[J].Sci.Agric.Sin.,2015,48(2):314-323.
[11]杜娅丹,曹红霞,谷晓博,等.基质栽培番茄临界氮浓度和氮营养指数研究[J].节水灌溉,2016(9):1-7,11.Du Y D,Cao H X,Gu X B,et al..Critical nitrogen dilution curve and nitrogen nutrition index for soilless tomato[J].Water Sav.Irrig.,2016(9):1-7,11.
[12]焦娟,谷端银,刘中良,等.菌渣基质配方对设施番茄生长、光合特性和品质的影响[J].山东农业科学,2018,50(1):34-39,44.Jiao J,Gu D Y,Liu Z L,et al..Effects of matrix formula of mushroom residue on greenhouse tomato growth,photosynthetic characteristics and quality[J].Shandong Agric.Sci.,2018,50(1):34-39,44.
[13]李建勇.日光温室有机基质型无土栽培番茄的施肥效应[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学,硕士学位论文,2004.Li J Y.Study on fertilization effect on tomato in organic substrate culture in solar greenhouse[D].Shandong Taian:Shandong Agricultural University,Master Dissertation,2004.
[14]北京市质量技术监督局.DB11/T 557-2008设施农业节水灌溉工程技术规程[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[15]雷廷武.滴灌湿润比的解析设计[J].水利学报,1994(1):1-9,37.Lei T W.Determination of wetted percentage of tricke irrigation system[J].Shuili Xuebao,1994(1):1-9,37.
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[17]李小方,张志良.植物生理学试验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2016.
[18]韩小平,左月明,刘洋.番茄叶片叶绿素吸光度与施氮水平相关性研究[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,32(2):128-131.Han X P,Zuo Y M,Liu Y.Relations between chlorophyⅡabsorbency of tomato leaves and nitrogen levels[J].J.Shanxi Agric.Univ.(Nat.Sci.),2012,32(2):128-131.
[19]Zhang D L,Jiao X C,Du Q J,et al..Reducing the excessive evaporative demand improved photosynthesis capacity at low costs of irrigation via regulating water driving force and moderating plant water stress of two tomato cultivars[J].Agric.Water Manage.,2018,199:22-33.
[20]Bahadur A,Lama T D,Chaurasia S.Gas exchange,chlorophyⅡfluorescence,biomass production,water use and yield response of tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)grown under deficit irrigation and varying nitrogen levels[J].Indian J.Agric.Sci.,2015,85(2):224-228.
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