地膜覆盖对小麦土壤水热状况及灌浆特性的影响
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摘要
为探索适合旱地小麦新品种普冰151的高产栽培模式,在关中平原西部杨凌地区550mm降水条件下,对覆膜穴播、起垄覆膜沟播和露地条播小麦的土壤水热状况、灌浆特性及产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,地膜小麦的土壤含水量在越冬至拔节期高于露地条播,有利于冬前形成壮苗和早春返青,拔节期之后覆膜穴播小麦田土壤含水量最低(除0～20cm);覆膜于小麦拔节期前增温、保温效果显著,拔节期后地温较对照有所降低;覆膜穴播和起垄覆膜沟播平均灌浆速率比露地条播分别提高11.9%和5.5%,且能延长灌浆持续期;与露地条播相比,覆膜穴播和起垄覆膜沟播分别增产10.8%和4.9%,差异显著。综上所述,覆膜穴播小麦在保墒、保温及增产方面表现最好,起垄覆膜沟播次之;地膜小麦是适宜半湿润易旱地区小麦高产栽培方式。
In order to explore the high-yield cultivation pattern for dry land wheat variety Pubing 151,comparative analyses of soil hydrotheristics conditions,grain filling characteristics and yield were conducted under mulching bunch seeding,ridging furrow sowing,and uncovered strip cropping in the west of Guanzhong Plain in Yangling District under the 550 mm rainfall condition.The results showed that the soil moisture of film mulching wheat is significantly higher than that of uncovered filling,especially at jointing stage in the winter solstice,which is conducive to the formation of strong seedlings before winter and turning green in early spring.The soil moisture is lowest in mulching bunch seeding after the jointing stage(with the exception of 0-20 cm).The calescence of film mulching wheat is before jointing stage,and the effect of preserving heat is significant.The average grain filling rate of mulching bunch seeding and ridging furrow sowing was increased by 11.9% and 5.5%,respectively,compared with that under uncovered drilling.And the grain filling period can be prolonged.The yield of mulching bunch seeding and ridging furrow sowing was increased by 10.8% and 4.9%,respectively.According to the integrated analysis of the above results,the mulching bunch seeding is the best in soil preservation,heat preservation and stimulation,followed by the film mulching.The film mulching is suitable for high-yielding cultivation of dry and semi-arid areas.
In order to explore the high-yield cultivation pattern for dry land wheat variety Pubing 151,comparative analyses of soil hydrotheristics conditions,grain filling characteristics and yield were conducted under mulching bunch seeding,ridging furrow sowing,and uncovered strip cropping in the west of Guanzhong Plain in Yangling District under the 550 mm rainfall condition.The results showed that the soil moisture of film mulching wheat is significantly higher than that of uncovered filling,especially at jointing stage in the winter solstice,which is conducive to the formation of strong seedlings before winter and turning green in early spring.The soil moisture is lowest in mulching bunch seeding after the jointing stage(with the exception of 0-20 cm).The calescence of film mulching wheat is before jointing stage,and the effect of preserving heat is significant.The average grain filling rate of mulching bunch seeding and ridging furrow sowing was increased by 11.9% and 5.5%,respectively,compared with that under uncovered drilling.And the grain filling period can be prolonged.The yield of mulching bunch seeding and ridging furrow sowing was increased by 10.8% and 4.9%,respectively.According to the integrated analysis of the above results,the mulching bunch seeding is the best in soil preservation,heat preservation and stimulation,followed by the film mulching.The film mulching is suitable for high-yielding cultivation of dry and semi-arid areas.
引文
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[12]王改玲,李立科,郝明德,等.长期施肥及不同施肥条件下秸秆覆盖、灌水对土壤酶和养分的影响[J].核农学报,2012,26(1):136.WANG G L,LI L K,HAO M D,et al.Effect of long-term fertilization,stubble mulch and irrigation under different fertilization on soil enzyme and soil nutrients[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2012,26(1):136.
[13]ZHANG K X,WANG Y J,LI F M.Effect of plastic mulching on soil water use and spring wheat yield in arid region of Northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,75(1):80.
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[16]郑宝柱.地表覆盖方式对冬小麦产量影响及其原因分析[J].贵州农业科学.2014,42(11):116.ZHENG B Z.Effect of different soil surface mulching patterns on yield of winter wheat and their meachanism[J].Guizhou Agricultural Science,2014,42(11):116.
[17]方日尧,赵惠青,方娟,等.渭北旱原冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式的节水效益[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(2):46.FANG R Y,ZHAO H Q,FANG J,et al.Water-saving benefits of different mulching cultivation mode for winter wheat in Weibei Highland[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006,22(2):46.
[18]朱彦博,程志斌.薄膜地面覆盖对土壤环境及春小麦生长发育的影响[J].甘肃农业科技,1989(3):30.ZHU Y B,CHENG Z B.Effects of film mulching on soil environment and growth and development of spring wheat[J]Gansu Agricultural Science and Technolog,1989(3):30.
[19]刘晓伟,何宝林,郭天文.全膜双垄沟不同覆膜时期对玉米土壤水分和产量的影响[J].核农学报,2012,26(3):608.LIU X W,HE B L,GUO T W.Effects of full mulching on double ridges with different mulching methods on soil water content and maize yield in dryland[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2012,26(3):608.
[20]李福,李城德.大力推广全膜覆土穴播技术,促进甘肃旱地小麦生产快速发展[J].中国科技成果,2010(24):36.LI F,LI C D.Vigorously promote the whole film covering soil and sowing technology to promote the rapid development of Gansu wheat dryland[J]China Science and Technology Achievements,2010(24):36.
[21]王树森,邓根云.地膜覆盖增温机制研究[J].中国农业科学,1991,24(3):76.WANG S S,DENG G Y.Study on the mechanism of film mulching and warming[J].Scientia Agriculture Ainica,1991,24(3):76.
[22]王俊,李凤民,宋秋华,等.地膜覆盖对土壤水温和春小麦产量形成的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(2):206.WANG J,LI F M SONG Q Het al.Effects of plastic film mulching on soil temperature and moisture and on yield formation of spring wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(2):206.
[23]江燕,史春余,王振振,等.地膜覆盖对耕层土壤温度水分和甘薯产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学,2014,22(6):634.JIANG Y,SHI C Y,WANG Z Z,et al.The influence of film mulching on soil temperature,moisture and yield of sweet potato[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(6):634.
[24]张保军,韩海,朱芬萌,等.地膜小麦土壤温度动态变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2000(1):62.ZHANG B J,HAN H,ZHU F M,et al.Studies on the tendency change of temperature of soil of dibbling wheat in filmmulched field[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2000(1):62.
[25]邱临静,王林权,李生秀,等.旱地不同栽培模式和施肥方法对小麦光合产物积累运转的影响[J].土壤通报,2007,38(3):518.QIU L J,WANG L Q,LI S X,et al.Effect of different cultivation models and fertilization pattems on the accumulation and transportation of photosynthate for wheat in rain-fed land[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2007,38(3):518.
[26]钱宏兵,朱德进,于倩倩.氮素营养水平对中筋小麦扬麦16产量和氮素吸收的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2013,41(6):72.QIAN H B,ZHU D J,YU Q Q.Effects of nitrogen levels on grain yield and N absorption of medium gluten wheat-Yangmai 16[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2013,41(6):72.
[27]李娜,张保军,张正茂,等.不同施氮量和播量对‘普冰151’干物质积累特征及籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2017,26(5):696.LI N,ZHANG B J,ZHANG Z M,et al.Effects of different N application rate and seeding rate on dry matter accumulation and grain filling characteristics of‘Pubing 151’[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2017,26(5):696.
[28]兰印超,申丽霞,李若帆.不同地膜覆盖对土壤温度及水分的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(12):126.LAN Y C,SHEN L X,LI R F.Effects of different film mulching on soil temperature and moisture[J].China Agricultural Science Bulletin,2013,29(12):126.
[29]王星,吕家珑,孙本华.覆盖可降解地膜对玉米生长和土壤环境的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(4):400.WANG X,LV J L,SUN B H.Effects of covering degradable films on corn growth and soil environment[J].Journal of Agro-Environmental Science,2003,22(4):400.
[2]高应平.覆膜方式对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用率的影响[J].甘肃农业科技,2012(5):8GAO Y P.Effects of film-covering modes on yield and water utilization efficiency of winter wheat in dry areas[J].Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology,2012(5):8.
[3]NIU J Y,GAN Y T,ZHANG J W,et al.Postanthesis dry matteraccumulation and redistribution in spring wheat mulched with plastic film[J].Crop Science,1998,38(6):1566.
[4]杨俊峰,龚月桦,李生秀.旱地小麦覆膜的生理生态效应研究进展[J].陕西农业科学,2009,55(5):80.YANG J F,GONG Y H,LI S Y.Advances in physiological and ecological effects of wheat film mulching in dryland[J].Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2009,55(5):80.
[5]张保军,杨文平,王银银.穴播地膜小麦土壤水分动态变化研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(4):72.ZHANG B J,YANG W P,WANG Y Y,Studies on the dynamic change of soil water of dibbling wheat in film-mulched field[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2001,29(4):72.
[6]曹玉军,魏雯雯,徐国安,等.半干旱区不同地膜覆盖滴灌对土壤水、温变化及玉米生长的影响[J].玉米科学,2013,21(1):108.CAO Y J,WEI W W,XU G A,et al.Effects of different films on soil water,temperature and corn growth characteristics under drip-irrigation conditions in semi-arid region[J].Journal of Maize Science,2013,21(1):108.
[7]李吾强,温晓霞,高茂盛,等.半湿润区旱作起垄覆膜沟播小麦的水分及生理效应研究[J].西北农业学报2008,17(5):146.LI W Q,WEN X X,GAO M S,et al.Water and physiological effects of ridge mulched pods in dryland[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2008,17(5):146.
[8]赛力汗,赵奇,陈兴武,等.春小麦覆膜穴播与露地穴播籽粒灌浆特性比较研究[J].西北农业学报,2003,12(2):28.SAI L H,ZHAO Q,CHEN X W,et al.The comparision of kernel filling charateristic of plastic mulching and outdoor hole-sowing of spring wheat[J].Acta Agriculturae Borealioccidentalis Sinica,2003,12(2):28.
[9]杨祁峰,熊春蓉,吴正强,等.地膜穴播小麦开花后干物质积累分配及籽粒灌浆特性分析[J].甘肃农业科技,1997(1):6.YANG Q F,XIONG C R,WU Z Q,et al.Plastic mulching after anthesis accumulation and distribution of dry matter and grain filling characteristics analysis[J].Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology,1997(1):6.
[10]白丽婷,海江波,韩清芳,等.不同地膜覆盖对渭北旱塬冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(4):136.BAI L T,HAI J B,HAN Q F,et al.Effects of mulching with different kinds of plastic film on growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat in Weibei Highland[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,28(4):136.
[11]杜守宇,田恩平,温敏,等.旱作小麦覆膜穴播栽培综合效应研究[J].宁夏农林科技,1997(3):6.DU S Y,TIAN E P,WEN M,et al.Studies on overall effect of mulch bunch planting cultivation of rain fed wheat[J].Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,1997(3):6.
[12]王改玲,李立科,郝明德,等.长期施肥及不同施肥条件下秸秆覆盖、灌水对土壤酶和养分的影响[J].核农学报,2012,26(1):136.WANG G L,LI L K,HAO M D,et al.Effect of long-term fertilization,stubble mulch and irrigation under different fertilization on soil enzyme and soil nutrients[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2012,26(1):136.
[13]ZHANG K X,WANG Y J,LI F M.Effect of plastic mulching on soil water use and spring wheat yield in arid region of Northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,75(1):80.
[14]FENG M L,WANG J,XU J Z,et al.Productivity and soil response to plastic film mulching durations for spring wheat on entisols in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2004,78(1):16.
[15]张永涛,汤天明,李增印,等.地膜覆盖的水分生理生态效应[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(3):46.ZHANG Y T,TANG T M,LI Z Y,et al.Soil physiological and ecological effects of mulching film[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,8(3):46.
[16]郑宝柱.地表覆盖方式对冬小麦产量影响及其原因分析[J].贵州农业科学.2014,42(11):116.ZHENG B Z.Effect of different soil surface mulching patterns on yield of winter wheat and their meachanism[J].Guizhou Agricultural Science,2014,42(11):116.
[17]方日尧,赵惠青,方娟,等.渭北旱原冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式的节水效益[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(2):46.FANG R Y,ZHAO H Q,FANG J,et al.Water-saving benefits of different mulching cultivation mode for winter wheat in Weibei Highland[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006,22(2):46.
[18]朱彦博,程志斌.薄膜地面覆盖对土壤环境及春小麦生长发育的影响[J].甘肃农业科技,1989(3):30.ZHU Y B,CHENG Z B.Effects of film mulching on soil environment and growth and development of spring wheat[J]Gansu Agricultural Science and Technolog,1989(3):30.
[19]刘晓伟,何宝林,郭天文.全膜双垄沟不同覆膜时期对玉米土壤水分和产量的影响[J].核农学报,2012,26(3):608.LIU X W,HE B L,GUO T W.Effects of full mulching on double ridges with different mulching methods on soil water content and maize yield in dryland[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2012,26(3):608.
[20]李福,李城德.大力推广全膜覆土穴播技术,促进甘肃旱地小麦生产快速发展[J].中国科技成果,2010(24):36.LI F,LI C D.Vigorously promote the whole film covering soil and sowing technology to promote the rapid development of Gansu wheat dryland[J]China Science and Technology Achievements,2010(24):36.
[21]王树森,邓根云.地膜覆盖增温机制研究[J].中国农业科学,1991,24(3):76.WANG S S,DENG G Y.Study on the mechanism of film mulching and warming[J].Scientia Agriculture Ainica,1991,24(3):76.
[22]王俊,李凤民,宋秋华,等.地膜覆盖对土壤水温和春小麦产量形成的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(2):206.WANG J,LI F M SONG Q Het al.Effects of plastic film mulching on soil temperature and moisture and on yield formation of spring wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(2):206.
[23]江燕,史春余,王振振,等.地膜覆盖对耕层土壤温度水分和甘薯产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学,2014,22(6):634.JIANG Y,SHI C Y,WANG Z Z,et al.The influence of film mulching on soil temperature,moisture and yield of sweet potato[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(6):634.
[24]张保军,韩海,朱芬萌,等.地膜小麦土壤温度动态变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2000(1):62.ZHANG B J,HAN H,ZHU F M,et al.Studies on the tendency change of temperature of soil of dibbling wheat in filmmulched field[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2000(1):62.
[25]邱临静,王林权,李生秀,等.旱地不同栽培模式和施肥方法对小麦光合产物积累运转的影响[J].土壤通报,2007,38(3):518.QIU L J,WANG L Q,LI S X,et al.Effect of different cultivation models and fertilization pattems on the accumulation and transportation of photosynthate for wheat in rain-fed land[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2007,38(3):518.
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