全球海洋治理:历史演进、理论基础与中国的应对
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摘要
全球海洋治理是海洋政治和法律制度发展的必然结果。这一发展历程经历了从权力维度的海洋控制到权利维度的海洋分配,再到责任维度的海洋治理的过程。其中,全球治理和"公地悲剧"是全球海洋治理的理论基础。为实现全球范围内的人海和谐,中国应当突破海洋领域的政治思维而强调责任意识,超越单一的海洋管理而着眼多元共治,摆脱对于海洋法律制度的被动接受,而立足于主动塑造适应中国国际地位并与承担国际责任相匹配的国际海洋法制度。
Global Ocean Governance emerges as ocean politics and law is evolving. Such evolvement is from the power dimension of ocean control to the right dimension of ocean distribution,and to responsibility dimension of ocean governance finally. The theoretical basis of Global Ocean Governance is Global Governance and Common Tragedy. For the harmony between human and ocean,China should throw away political thinking and hold responsibility conscious, abandon single ocean management and focus on multiple level ocean governance, get rid of merely negative acceptance of international ocean regime and shape it positively,so as to match China' s international status.
Global Ocean Governance emerges as ocean politics and law is evolving. Such evolvement is from the power dimension of ocean control to the right dimension of ocean distribution,and to responsibility dimension of ocean governance finally. The theoretical basis of Global Ocean Governance is Global Governance and Common Tragedy. For the harmony between human and ocean,China should throw away political thinking and hold responsibility conscious, abandon single ocean management and focus on multiple level ocean governance, get rid of merely negative acceptance of international ocean regime and shape it positively,so as to match China' s international status.
引文
[1]D. P. O’Connell,the International Law of the Sea[M]. Vol. I,Clarendon,1982.
[2]马得懿.海洋航行自由的体系化解析[J].世界经济与政治,2015,(7):143.
[3]计秋枫.格老秀斯《海洋自由论》与17世纪初关于海洋地位的争论[J].史志月刊,2013,(10):105.
[4]Yoshifumi Tanaka. the International Law of the Sea[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012.
[5]杨泽伟.国际法史论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012. 90.
[6][英]希金斯,[英]哥伦博斯.王铁崖,陈体强译.海上国际法[M].北京:法律出版社,1957.
[7]牟文富.海洋元叙事:海权对于海洋法律秩序的塑造[J].世界经济与政治,2014,(7):66.
[8][美]艾尔弗雷德·赛耶·马汉.李少彦,等译.海权对历史的影响[M].北京:海洋出版社,2013.
[9]T. W. Fulton. the Sovereignty of the Sea[M]. London:William Blackwood and Sons,1911.
[10]江河.国家主权的双重属性以及大国海权的强化[J].政法论坛,2017,(1):130.
[11]周忠海.国际海洋法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1987. 4-5.
[12]杨华.海洋法权论[J].中国社会科学,2017,(9):176.
[13]Tullio Scovazzi. The Evolution of International Law of the Sea:New Issues,New Challenges[J]. Recueil Des Cours,2000. 88.
[14]Bernard H. Oxman,the Territorial Temptation:a Siren Song at the Sea[J]. American Journal of International Law,2006,(4):832.
[15]马孆.当前世界海洋的发展趋势及其对中国的影响[J].国际观察,2012,(4):32.
[16]高潮.国际关系的权利转向与国际法[J].河北法学,2016,(11):181.
[17]胡波.国际海洋政治发展趋势与中国的选择[J].国际问题研究,2017,(2):89.
[18]David Freestone,Principles Applicable to Modern Ocean Governance[J]. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,2008,(2):387.
[19]Tullio Treves,Law of the Sea,in Rüdiger Wolffum ed.,the Max Plunck Encyclopedia of Public International Law(Vol. VI)[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012.
[20]Rémi Parmentier,Role and Impact of International NGOs in Global Ocean Governance[J]. Ocean Yearbook,2012:211.
[21]Donald R. Rothwell,David L. Vanderzwaag. Towards Principled Ocean Governance:Australia and Canadian Approaches and Challenges[M]. London and New York:Routledge,2006.
[22]张晏瑲.论海洋善治的国际法律义务[J].比较法研究,2013,(6):73-85.
[23]陈家刚.全球治理:概念与理论[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2017.
[24]蔡拓.国家治理与全球治理:当代中国两大战略的考量[J].中国社会科学,2016,(6):10.
[25]俞可平.全球化:全球治理[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003.
[26][瑞典]英瓦尔·卡尔松,[圭亚那]什里达特·兰法尔.赵仲强,李正凌译.天涯成比邻——全球治理委员会的报告[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1995.
[27]王琪,崔野.将全球治理引入海洋领域—全球海洋治理的基本问题与我国的应对策略[J].太平洋学报,2015,(6):20.
[28]Bruno Seman,From Bilateralism to Community Interest in International Law[J]. Recueil Des Cours,1994:324.
[29]Gareet Hardin. the Tragedy of Commons[J]. Science,1968:1245.
[30] J. Samuel Barkin,Yuliya Rashchupkina. Public Goods,Common Pool Resources,and International Law[J]. American Journal of International Law,2017,(2):380.
[31]袁沙.全球海洋治理:从凝聚共识到目标设置[J].中国海洋大学学报·社会科学版,2018,(1):3.
[32]Lawrence Juda. International Law and Ocean Use Management,the Evolution of Ocean Governance[M].London and New York:Routledge,1996.
[33]张曙光.国家海外利益风险的外交管理[J].世界经济与政治,2009,(8):7.
[34]Frédéric Mégret,“Globlization”,in Rüdiger Wolffum ed.,the Max Plunck Encyclopedia of Public International Law(Vol. IV)[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012.
[35]A. G. Oude Elfernik,Governance Principles for Area beyond National Jurisdiction[J]. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,2012,(2):230-233.
[36]王铁崖.国际法引论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1998.
[37]D. M. Mcre,the Negotiation of Article 234,in Frankyn Griffiths ed.,Politics of Northwest Passage,Montreal:McGill-Queen’s University Press,1987. 102-103.
[38]Claudia Cinelli,the Law of Sea and the Arctic Ocean[J]. Arctic Review on Law and Politics,2011,(1):8.
[39]B. A. Hamzah,Malaysia and the Southern Ocean:Revisiting the Question of Antarctica[J]. Ocean Development and International Law,2010,(1):187.
[40]Peter J. Beck,Twenty Year on:the UN and“the Question of Antarctic”1983-2004[J]. Polar Record,2004. 203-209.
[41]Alex G. Oude Elferink,Donald R. Rothwell. the Law of the Sea and Polar Maritime Delimitation and Jurisdiction[M]. Leiden:Marinus Nijhoff Publishers,2001.
[42]何志鹏,李晓静.公海保护区谈判的中国对策研究[J].河北法学,2017,(5).
(1)Report of Secretary General,Ocean and the law of the sea,https://undocs. org/en/A/72/70/Add. 1
(2)Transforming Our World:the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,https://sustainabledevelopment.un. org/post2015/transformingourworld
(3)International Ocean Governance:an Agenda for the Future of Our Ocean,https://ec. europa. eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/ocean-governance_en
(4)“深度参与全球海洋治理,务实推进蓝色伙伴关系”,新华网http://www. huaxia. com/hxhy/hyxw/2018/01 /5617418. html
(1)《海洋法公约》规定的九大水域包括内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架、公海、用于国际通行的海峡、群岛水域和国际海底区域。
(2)Trail Smelter Case(Canada v. United States),http://legal. un. org/riaa/cases/vol_III/1905-1982. pdf
(1)Fishery Jurisdiction(United Kingdom v. Iceland),http://www. icj-cij. org/files/case-related/55/5979.pdf
(2)Barcelona Traction,Light and Power Limited Company,http://www. icj--cij. org/files/case-related/50/050 -19700205-JUD-01-00-EN. pdf
(1)Fisheries Jurisdiction(Spain v. Canada),http://www. icj-cij. org/files/case-related/96/096-19981204-JUD-01-00-EN. pdf
(1)外大陆架和国际海底区域严格来讲不属于“私人物品”,对于前者来讲,尽管沿岸国在外大陆将上享有主权权利,但是依据《海洋法公约》第82条,需要向海底管理局缴纳实物;对后者而言,《海洋法公约》第153 条规定了“平行开发制度”,由此可以看成国际海底区域具有“私人物品”和“公共池塘资源”的双重属性。
[2]马得懿.海洋航行自由的体系化解析[J].世界经济与政治,2015,(7):143.
[3]计秋枫.格老秀斯《海洋自由论》与17世纪初关于海洋地位的争论[J].史志月刊,2013,(10):105.
[4]Yoshifumi Tanaka. the International Law of the Sea[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012.
[5]杨泽伟.国际法史论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012. 90.
[6][英]希金斯,[英]哥伦博斯.王铁崖,陈体强译.海上国际法[M].北京:法律出版社,1957.
[7]牟文富.海洋元叙事:海权对于海洋法律秩序的塑造[J].世界经济与政治,2014,(7):66.
[8][美]艾尔弗雷德·赛耶·马汉.李少彦,等译.海权对历史的影响[M].北京:海洋出版社,2013.
[9]T. W. Fulton. the Sovereignty of the Sea[M]. London:William Blackwood and Sons,1911.
[10]江河.国家主权的双重属性以及大国海权的强化[J].政法论坛,2017,(1):130.
[11]周忠海.国际海洋法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1987. 4-5.
[12]杨华.海洋法权论[J].中国社会科学,2017,(9):176.
[13]Tullio Scovazzi. The Evolution of International Law of the Sea:New Issues,New Challenges[J]. Recueil Des Cours,2000. 88.
[14]Bernard H. Oxman,the Territorial Temptation:a Siren Song at the Sea[J]. American Journal of International Law,2006,(4):832.
[15]马孆.当前世界海洋的发展趋势及其对中国的影响[J].国际观察,2012,(4):32.
[16]高潮.国际关系的权利转向与国际法[J].河北法学,2016,(11):181.
[17]胡波.国际海洋政治发展趋势与中国的选择[J].国际问题研究,2017,(2):89.
[18]David Freestone,Principles Applicable to Modern Ocean Governance[J]. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,2008,(2):387.
[19]Tullio Treves,Law of the Sea,in Rüdiger Wolffum ed.,the Max Plunck Encyclopedia of Public International Law(Vol. VI)[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012.
[20]Rémi Parmentier,Role and Impact of International NGOs in Global Ocean Governance[J]. Ocean Yearbook,2012:211.
[21]Donald R. Rothwell,David L. Vanderzwaag. Towards Principled Ocean Governance:Australia and Canadian Approaches and Challenges[M]. London and New York:Routledge,2006.
[22]张晏瑲.论海洋善治的国际法律义务[J].比较法研究,2013,(6):73-85.
[23]陈家刚.全球治理:概念与理论[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2017.
[24]蔡拓.国家治理与全球治理:当代中国两大战略的考量[J].中国社会科学,2016,(6):10.
[25]俞可平.全球化:全球治理[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003.
[26][瑞典]英瓦尔·卡尔松,[圭亚那]什里达特·兰法尔.赵仲强,李正凌译.天涯成比邻——全球治理委员会的报告[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1995.
[27]王琪,崔野.将全球治理引入海洋领域—全球海洋治理的基本问题与我国的应对策略[J].太平洋学报,2015,(6):20.
[28]Bruno Seman,From Bilateralism to Community Interest in International Law[J]. Recueil Des Cours,1994:324.
[29]Gareet Hardin. the Tragedy of Commons[J]. Science,1968:1245.
[30] J. Samuel Barkin,Yuliya Rashchupkina. Public Goods,Common Pool Resources,and International Law[J]. American Journal of International Law,2017,(2):380.
[31]袁沙.全球海洋治理:从凝聚共识到目标设置[J].中国海洋大学学报·社会科学版,2018,(1):3.
[32]Lawrence Juda. International Law and Ocean Use Management,the Evolution of Ocean Governance[M].London and New York:Routledge,1996.
[33]张曙光.国家海外利益风险的外交管理[J].世界经济与政治,2009,(8):7.
[34]Frédéric Mégret,“Globlization”,in Rüdiger Wolffum ed.,the Max Plunck Encyclopedia of Public International Law(Vol. IV)[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012.
[35]A. G. Oude Elfernik,Governance Principles for Area beyond National Jurisdiction[J]. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,2012,(2):230-233.
[36]王铁崖.国际法引论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1998.
[37]D. M. Mcre,the Negotiation of Article 234,in Frankyn Griffiths ed.,Politics of Northwest Passage,Montreal:McGill-Queen’s University Press,1987. 102-103.
[38]Claudia Cinelli,the Law of Sea and the Arctic Ocean[J]. Arctic Review on Law and Politics,2011,(1):8.
[39]B. A. Hamzah,Malaysia and the Southern Ocean:Revisiting the Question of Antarctica[J]. Ocean Development and International Law,2010,(1):187.
[40]Peter J. Beck,Twenty Year on:the UN and“the Question of Antarctic”1983-2004[J]. Polar Record,2004. 203-209.
[41]Alex G. Oude Elferink,Donald R. Rothwell. the Law of the Sea and Polar Maritime Delimitation and Jurisdiction[M]. Leiden:Marinus Nijhoff Publishers,2001.
[42]何志鹏,李晓静.公海保护区谈判的中国对策研究[J].河北法学,2017,(5).
(1)Report of Secretary General,Ocean and the law of the sea,https://undocs. org/en/A/72/70/Add. 1
(2)Transforming Our World:the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,https://sustainabledevelopment.un. org/post2015/transformingourworld
(3)International Ocean Governance:an Agenda for the Future of Our Ocean,https://ec. europa. eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/ocean-governance_en
(4)“深度参与全球海洋治理,务实推进蓝色伙伴关系”,新华网http://www. huaxia. com/hxhy/hyxw/2018/01 /5617418. html
(1)《海洋法公约》规定的九大水域包括内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架、公海、用于国际通行的海峡、群岛水域和国际海底区域。
(2)Trail Smelter Case(Canada v. United States),http://legal. un. org/riaa/cases/vol_III/1905-1982. pdf
(1)Fishery Jurisdiction(United Kingdom v. Iceland),http://www. icj-cij. org/files/case-related/55/5979.pdf
(2)Barcelona Traction,Light and Power Limited Company,http://www. icj--cij. org/files/case-related/50/050 -19700205-JUD-01-00-EN. pdf
(1)Fisheries Jurisdiction(Spain v. Canada),http://www. icj-cij. org/files/case-related/96/096-19981204-JUD-01-00-EN. pdf
(1)外大陆架和国际海底区域严格来讲不属于“私人物品”,对于前者来讲,尽管沿岸国在外大陆将上享有主权权利,但是依据《海洋法公约》第82条,需要向海底管理局缴纳实物;对后者而言,《海洋法公约》第153 条规定了“平行开发制度”,由此可以看成国际海底区域具有“私人物品”和“公共池塘资源”的双重属性。