赞比亚东北部姆波洛科索盆地沉积地层特征
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摘要
赞比亚东北部姆波洛科索盆地古元古代姆波洛科索群是研究早前寒武纪河流相、浅海相沉积序列和基底组分的重要地层单元。本文通过对该地区岩石地层组成、沉积时代与沉积环境方面进行研究及系统总结,并结合对该地区姆巴拉组实测剖面及其碎屑岩岩石学和地球化学分析数据,获得以下认识:姆波洛科索群可能形成于1860 Ma之后,其上覆卡萨马群可能形成于1434 Ma之后;姆波洛科索盆地沉积环境主要包括:辫状河、冲积扇、湖泊以及浅海等;姆波洛科索群底部姆巴拉组碎屑岩以班委乌卢地块基底花岗岩为主要物源,形成于被动大陆边缘构造背景之下;姆波洛科索盆地可能属于被动大陆边缘型盆地;化探分析数据显示盆地东部与北部地区分别具有金、铀找矿潜力。
The Paleoproterozoic Mporokoso Group in the Mporokoso Basin of north-eastern Zambia is an important stratum for the study of fluvial to shallow-marine sedimentary succession and basal components of the early Precambrian. In this paper, based on the study and systematic summary of lithostratigraphic composition,sedimentary age and environment, combined with the measured section of Mbala Formation and its clastic petrological and geochemical analysis data in the region,the following knowledge is obtained: The Mporokoso Group is supposed to be formed later than 1860 Ma,and the overlying Kasama Group is supposed to be formed later than 1434 Ma; The sedimentary environment of the Mpolokoso Basin mainly includes: braided rivers,alluvial fans,lakes and shallow seas; The clastic rocks of Mbala Formation at the bottom of Mporokoso Group are mainly derived from basement granite of the Bangweulu Block and formed under the passive continental marginal tectonic setting;The Mporokoso Basin may belong to the passive continental marginal basin; Geochemical analysis data have shown potentials for gold and uranium prospecting in the eastern and northern parts of the basin,respectively.
The Paleoproterozoic Mporokoso Group in the Mporokoso Basin of north-eastern Zambia is an important stratum for the study of fluvial to shallow-marine sedimentary succession and basal components of the early Precambrian. In this paper, based on the study and systematic summary of lithostratigraphic composition,sedimentary age and environment, combined with the measured section of Mbala Formation and its clastic petrological and geochemical analysis data in the region,the following knowledge is obtained: The Mporokoso Group is supposed to be formed later than 1860 Ma,and the overlying Kasama Group is supposed to be formed later than 1434 Ma; The sedimentary environment of the Mpolokoso Basin mainly includes: braided rivers,alluvial fans,lakes and shallow seas; The clastic rocks of Mbala Formation at the bottom of Mporokoso Group are mainly derived from basement granite of the Bangweulu Block and formed under the passive continental marginal tectonic setting;The Mporokoso Basin may belong to the passive continental marginal basin; Geochemical analysis data have shown potentials for gold and uranium prospecting in the eastern and northern parts of the basin,respectively.
引文
任军平,左立波,许康康,王杰,刘晓阳,何胜飞,刘宇,贺福清.2016.赞比亚北部班韦乌卢地块演化及矿产资源研究现状.地质论评,62(4):979~996.
宋凯,吕剑文,杜金良,王宏科.2002.鄂尔多斯盆地中部上三叠统延长组物源方向分析与三角洲沉积体系.古地理学报,4(3):59~66.
王昌勇,郑荣才,王海红,韩永林,王成玉,牛小兵.2008.鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长6油层组物源区分析.沉积学报,26(6):933~938.
Andersen L S and Unrug R.1984.Geodynamic evolution of the Bangweulu Block,northern Zambia.Precambrian Research,25(1~3):187~212.
Andrews-Speed C P and Mulumba B P.1987.Empirical guides to gold enrichment in Proterozoic quartz-pebble conglomerates in northern Zambia.Journal of African Earth Sciences,6(4):595~601.
Andrews-Speed C P.1986.Gold-bearing fluvial and associated tidal marine sediments of Proterozoic age in the Mporokoso basin,northern Zambia.Sedimentary Geology,48(3~4):193~222.
Andrews-Speed C P.1989.The Mid-Proterozoic Mporokoso basin,northern Zambia:sequence stratigraphy,tectonic setting and potential for gold and uranium mineralisation.Precambrian Research,44(1):1~17.
Bhatia M R and Crook K A W.1986.Trace element characteristics ofgraywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,92(2):181~193.
Bhatia M R and Taylor S R.1981.Trace-element geochemistry and sedimentary provinces:A study from the Tasman Geosyncline,Australia.Chemical Geology,33(2):115~125.
Bhatia M R.1985.Rare earth element geochemistry of Australian Paleozoic graywackes and mudrocks:Provenance and tectonic control.Sedimentary Geology,45(2):97~113.
Boynton W V.1984.Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements:meteorite studies.Developments in Geochemistry,2:63~114.
Brewer M S,Haslam H W,Darbyshire P F P,Davis,A E.1979.Rb-Sr age determinations in the Bangweulu Block,Luapula Province,Zambia.Geology Science,79(5):11.
Cailteux J L H,Kampunzu A B H,Batumike M J.2005.Lithostratigraphic position and petrographic characteristics of R.A.T.(“Roches Argilo-Talqueuses”)Subgroup,Neoproterozoic Katangan Belt(Congo).Journal of African Earth Sciences,42(1):82~94.
Cairncross B.2001.An overview of the Permian(Karoo)coal deposits of southern Africa.Journal of African Earth Sciences,33(4):529~562.
Clifford T N.1970.The structural framework of Africa.African magmatism and tectonics,Oliver and Boyd Edinburgh,1~26.
Condie K C.1991.Another look at rare earth elements in shales.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,55(9):2527~2531.
Cosi M,De Bonis A,Gosso G,et al.1992.Late Proterozoic thrust tectonics,high-pressure metamorphism and uranium mineralization in the Domes Area,Lufilian Arc,Northwestern Zambia.Precambrian Research,58:215~240.
Daly M C,Unrug R.1982.The Muva Supergroup of northern Zambia:a craton to mobile belt sedimentary sequence.South African Journal of Geology,85(3):155~165.
Debruyne D,Van Wilderode J,Balcaen L,Vanhaecke F,Muchez P.2014.Geochemistry and isotopic evolution of the central African Domes,Bangweulu and Irumide regions:Evidence for cryptic Archean sourcesand a Paleoproterozoic continental arc.Journal of African Earth Sciences,100:145~163.
Drysdall A R,Johnson R L,Moore T A and Thieme J G.1972.Outline of the geology of Zambia.Geology Mijnbouw,51:265~276.
Fernandes P,Cogne N,Chew D M,Rodrigues B,Jorge R,Marques J,Jamal D,Vasconcelos L.2015.The thermal history of the Karoo Moatize-Minjova Basin,Tete Province,Mozambique:An integrated vitrinite reflectance and apatite fission track thermochronology study.Journal of African Earth Sciences,112:55~72.
Fleet A J.1984.Aqueous and sedimentary geochemistry of the rare earth elements.Developments in Geochemistry,2:343~373.
Guernsey T D.1952.A Prospector's Guide to Mineral Occurrences in Northern Rhodesia.British South Africa Company,Salisbury:1~87.
Haest M,Schneider J,Cloquet C,Latruwe K,Vanhaeke F,Muchez P.2010.Pb isotopic constraints on the formation of the Dikulushi CuPb-Zn-Ag mineralization,Kundelungu Plateau(Democratic Republic of Congo).Mineralium Deposita,45(4):393~410.
Kampunzu A B,Cailteux J L H,Kamona A F,Intiomale M M,Melcher F.2009.Sedimenthosted Zn-Pb-Cu deposits in the Central African Copperbelt.Ore Geology Reviews,35(3):263~297.
Lawley C J M,Selby D,Condon D J,Horstwood M,Millar I,Crowley Q,Imber J.2013.Lithogeochemistry,geochronology and geodynamic setting of the Lupa terrane,Tanzania:Implications for the extent of the Archean Tanzanian craton.Precambrian Research,231:174~193.
Lawley C J M,Selby D,Condon D,Imber J.2014.Palaeoproterozoic orogenic gold style mineralization at the Southwestern Archaean Tanzanian cratonic margin,Lupa Goldfield,SW Tanzania:Implications from U-Pb titanite geochronology.Gondwana Research,26(4):1141~1158.
Mambwe P,Kipata L,Chabu M,Muchez P,Lubala T,Jebrak M,Delvaux D.2017.Sedimentology of the Shangoluwe breccias and timing of the Cu mineralisation(Katanga Supergroup,D.R.of Congo).Journal of African Earth Sciences,132:1~15
Mc Lennan S M.1989.Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks:Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,21(1):169~200.
Miall A D.1977.A review of the braided river depositional environment.Earth-Sciences Review,13(1):1~62.
Phiri C,Wang Pujun,Nyambe I A.2016.Geology and potential hydrocarbon play system of Lower Karoo Group in the Maamba Coalfield Basin,southern Zambia.Journal of African Earth Sciences,118:245~262.
Ren Junping,Zuo Libo,Xu Kangkang,Wang Jie,Liu Xiaoyang,He Shengfei,Liu Yu,He Fuqing.2016&.Geodynamic evolution and mineral resources present research in Bangweulu Block,Northern Zambia.Geological Review,62(4):979~996.
RobinsonD.1982.Precambrian of the southern hemisphere.Earth Science Reviews,18(2):186.
Saviaro K and Agar R.1980.Uranium channel anomalies from the 1973~76 airborne geophysical survey of Zambia.Geological Survey of Zambia,Lusaka,89:33.
Song Kai,LV Jianwen,Du Jinliang,Wang Hongke.2002&.Source direction analysis and delta depositional systems of Yanchang Formation of the Upper Triassic in the central Ordos Basin.Journal of Palaeogeography,4(3):59~66.
Spalletti L A,Limarino C O,Pi1ol F C.2012.Petrology and geochemistry of Carboniferous siliciclastics from the Argentine Frontal Cordillera:A test of methods for interpreting provenance and tectonic setting.Journal of South American Earth Sciences,36:32~54.
Taylor S R and Mc Lennan S M.1995.The geochemical evolution of the continental crust.Reviews of Geophysics,33(2):241~265.
Thieme J G and Johnson R L.1981.Geological Map of the Republic of Zambia 1∶1000000.Geological Survey of Zambia,Lusaka.
Thieme J G.1971.The Geology of the Musonda Falls Area:Explanation of Degree Sheet 1028,SE.Quarter.Republic of Zambia,Ministry of Mines and Mining Development,Lusaka.
Unrug R.1984.The mid-Proterozoic Mporokoso Group of northern Zambia:stratigraphy,sedimentation and regional position.Precambrian Research,24(2):99~121.
Waele B D,Johnson S P,Pisarevsky S A.2008.Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic growth and evolution of the eastern Congo Craton:its role in the Rodinia puzzle.Precambrian Research,160(1):127~141.
Waele B D,Kampunzu A B,Mapani B S E,Tembo F.2006b.The Mesoproterozoic Irumide belt of Zambia.Journal of African Earth Sciences,46(1):36~70.
Waele B D,Liégeois J P,Nemchin A A,Tembo F.2006a.Isotopic and geochemical evidence of Proterozoic episodic crustal reworking within the Irumide Belt of south-central Africa,the southern metacratonic boundary of an Archaean Bangweulu Craton.Precambrian Research,148(3):225~256.
Wang Changyong,Zheng Rongcai,Wang Haihong,Han Yonglin,Wang Chengyu,Niu Xiaobing.2008&.Provenance analysis of Chang-6 oil reservoir set in Jiyuan region in Ordos Basin.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,26(6):933~938.
(1)王杰,任军平,Dokowe A P,程绪江,左立波,曹淑萍,李硕,Chikambwe E M,Chishimba C,许康康,Malunga D,胡志明,张亚娜. 2015.卡萨马和陇都地区区域地球化学调查报告.天津:中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心:49~79.
(2) Wang Jie,Ren Junping,Dokowe A P,Cheng Xujiang,Zuo Libo,Cao Shuping, Li Shuo, Chikambwe E M, Chishimba C, Xu Kangkang,Malunga D, Hu Zhiming, Zhang Yana. 2015#. The Geochemistry of the Kasama and Nondo areas. Tianjin:Tianjin Center of China Geological Survey:47~49.
宋凯,吕剑文,杜金良,王宏科.2002.鄂尔多斯盆地中部上三叠统延长组物源方向分析与三角洲沉积体系.古地理学报,4(3):59~66.
王昌勇,郑荣才,王海红,韩永林,王成玉,牛小兵.2008.鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长6油层组物源区分析.沉积学报,26(6):933~938.
Andersen L S and Unrug R.1984.Geodynamic evolution of the Bangweulu Block,northern Zambia.Precambrian Research,25(1~3):187~212.
Andrews-Speed C P and Mulumba B P.1987.Empirical guides to gold enrichment in Proterozoic quartz-pebble conglomerates in northern Zambia.Journal of African Earth Sciences,6(4):595~601.
Andrews-Speed C P.1986.Gold-bearing fluvial and associated tidal marine sediments of Proterozoic age in the Mporokoso basin,northern Zambia.Sedimentary Geology,48(3~4):193~222.
Andrews-Speed C P.1989.The Mid-Proterozoic Mporokoso basin,northern Zambia:sequence stratigraphy,tectonic setting and potential for gold and uranium mineralisation.Precambrian Research,44(1):1~17.
Bhatia M R and Crook K A W.1986.Trace element characteristics ofgraywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,92(2):181~193.
Bhatia M R and Taylor S R.1981.Trace-element geochemistry and sedimentary provinces:A study from the Tasman Geosyncline,Australia.Chemical Geology,33(2):115~125.
Bhatia M R.1985.Rare earth element geochemistry of Australian Paleozoic graywackes and mudrocks:Provenance and tectonic control.Sedimentary Geology,45(2):97~113.
Boynton W V.1984.Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements:meteorite studies.Developments in Geochemistry,2:63~114.
Brewer M S,Haslam H W,Darbyshire P F P,Davis,A E.1979.Rb-Sr age determinations in the Bangweulu Block,Luapula Province,Zambia.Geology Science,79(5):11.
Cailteux J L H,Kampunzu A B H,Batumike M J.2005.Lithostratigraphic position and petrographic characteristics of R.A.T.(“Roches Argilo-Talqueuses”)Subgroup,Neoproterozoic Katangan Belt(Congo).Journal of African Earth Sciences,42(1):82~94.
Cairncross B.2001.An overview of the Permian(Karoo)coal deposits of southern Africa.Journal of African Earth Sciences,33(4):529~562.
Clifford T N.1970.The structural framework of Africa.African magmatism and tectonics,Oliver and Boyd Edinburgh,1~26.
Condie K C.1991.Another look at rare earth elements in shales.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,55(9):2527~2531.
Cosi M,De Bonis A,Gosso G,et al.1992.Late Proterozoic thrust tectonics,high-pressure metamorphism and uranium mineralization in the Domes Area,Lufilian Arc,Northwestern Zambia.Precambrian Research,58:215~240.
Daly M C,Unrug R.1982.The Muva Supergroup of northern Zambia:a craton to mobile belt sedimentary sequence.South African Journal of Geology,85(3):155~165.
Debruyne D,Van Wilderode J,Balcaen L,Vanhaecke F,Muchez P.2014.Geochemistry and isotopic evolution of the central African Domes,Bangweulu and Irumide regions:Evidence for cryptic Archean sourcesand a Paleoproterozoic continental arc.Journal of African Earth Sciences,100:145~163.
Drysdall A R,Johnson R L,Moore T A and Thieme J G.1972.Outline of the geology of Zambia.Geology Mijnbouw,51:265~276.
Fernandes P,Cogne N,Chew D M,Rodrigues B,Jorge R,Marques J,Jamal D,Vasconcelos L.2015.The thermal history of the Karoo Moatize-Minjova Basin,Tete Province,Mozambique:An integrated vitrinite reflectance and apatite fission track thermochronology study.Journal of African Earth Sciences,112:55~72.
Fleet A J.1984.Aqueous and sedimentary geochemistry of the rare earth elements.Developments in Geochemistry,2:343~373.
Guernsey T D.1952.A Prospector's Guide to Mineral Occurrences in Northern Rhodesia.British South Africa Company,Salisbury:1~87.
Haest M,Schneider J,Cloquet C,Latruwe K,Vanhaeke F,Muchez P.2010.Pb isotopic constraints on the formation of the Dikulushi CuPb-Zn-Ag mineralization,Kundelungu Plateau(Democratic Republic of Congo).Mineralium Deposita,45(4):393~410.
Kampunzu A B,Cailteux J L H,Kamona A F,Intiomale M M,Melcher F.2009.Sedimenthosted Zn-Pb-Cu deposits in the Central African Copperbelt.Ore Geology Reviews,35(3):263~297.
Lawley C J M,Selby D,Condon D J,Horstwood M,Millar I,Crowley Q,Imber J.2013.Lithogeochemistry,geochronology and geodynamic setting of the Lupa terrane,Tanzania:Implications for the extent of the Archean Tanzanian craton.Precambrian Research,231:174~193.
Lawley C J M,Selby D,Condon D,Imber J.2014.Palaeoproterozoic orogenic gold style mineralization at the Southwestern Archaean Tanzanian cratonic margin,Lupa Goldfield,SW Tanzania:Implications from U-Pb titanite geochronology.Gondwana Research,26(4):1141~1158.
Mambwe P,Kipata L,Chabu M,Muchez P,Lubala T,Jebrak M,Delvaux D.2017.Sedimentology of the Shangoluwe breccias and timing of the Cu mineralisation(Katanga Supergroup,D.R.of Congo).Journal of African Earth Sciences,132:1~15
Mc Lennan S M.1989.Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks:Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,21(1):169~200.
Miall A D.1977.A review of the braided river depositional environment.Earth-Sciences Review,13(1):1~62.
Phiri C,Wang Pujun,Nyambe I A.2016.Geology and potential hydrocarbon play system of Lower Karoo Group in the Maamba Coalfield Basin,southern Zambia.Journal of African Earth Sciences,118:245~262.
Ren Junping,Zuo Libo,Xu Kangkang,Wang Jie,Liu Xiaoyang,He Shengfei,Liu Yu,He Fuqing.2016&.Geodynamic evolution and mineral resources present research in Bangweulu Block,Northern Zambia.Geological Review,62(4):979~996.
RobinsonD.1982.Precambrian of the southern hemisphere.Earth Science Reviews,18(2):186.
Saviaro K and Agar R.1980.Uranium channel anomalies from the 1973~76 airborne geophysical survey of Zambia.Geological Survey of Zambia,Lusaka,89:33.
Song Kai,LV Jianwen,Du Jinliang,Wang Hongke.2002&.Source direction analysis and delta depositional systems of Yanchang Formation of the Upper Triassic in the central Ordos Basin.Journal of Palaeogeography,4(3):59~66.
Spalletti L A,Limarino C O,Pi1ol F C.2012.Petrology and geochemistry of Carboniferous siliciclastics from the Argentine Frontal Cordillera:A test of methods for interpreting provenance and tectonic setting.Journal of South American Earth Sciences,36:32~54.
Taylor S R and Mc Lennan S M.1995.The geochemical evolution of the continental crust.Reviews of Geophysics,33(2):241~265.
Thieme J G and Johnson R L.1981.Geological Map of the Republic of Zambia 1∶1000000.Geological Survey of Zambia,Lusaka.
Thieme J G.1971.The Geology of the Musonda Falls Area:Explanation of Degree Sheet 1028,SE.Quarter.Republic of Zambia,Ministry of Mines and Mining Development,Lusaka.
Unrug R.1984.The mid-Proterozoic Mporokoso Group of northern Zambia:stratigraphy,sedimentation and regional position.Precambrian Research,24(2):99~121.
Waele B D,Johnson S P,Pisarevsky S A.2008.Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic growth and evolution of the eastern Congo Craton:its role in the Rodinia puzzle.Precambrian Research,160(1):127~141.
Waele B D,Kampunzu A B,Mapani B S E,Tembo F.2006b.The Mesoproterozoic Irumide belt of Zambia.Journal of African Earth Sciences,46(1):36~70.
Waele B D,Liégeois J P,Nemchin A A,Tembo F.2006a.Isotopic and geochemical evidence of Proterozoic episodic crustal reworking within the Irumide Belt of south-central Africa,the southern metacratonic boundary of an Archaean Bangweulu Craton.Precambrian Research,148(3):225~256.
Wang Changyong,Zheng Rongcai,Wang Haihong,Han Yonglin,Wang Chengyu,Niu Xiaobing.2008&.Provenance analysis of Chang-6 oil reservoir set in Jiyuan region in Ordos Basin.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,26(6):933~938.
(1)王杰,任军平,Dokowe A P,程绪江,左立波,曹淑萍,李硕,Chikambwe E M,Chishimba C,许康康,Malunga D,胡志明,张亚娜. 2015.卡萨马和陇都地区区域地球化学调查报告.天津:中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心:49~79.
(2) Wang Jie,Ren Junping,Dokowe A P,Cheng Xujiang,Zuo Libo,Cao Shuping, Li Shuo, Chikambwe E M, Chishimba C, Xu Kangkang,Malunga D, Hu Zhiming, Zhang Yana. 2015#. The Geochemistry of the Kasama and Nondo areas. Tianjin:Tianjin Center of China Geological Survey:47~49.