巷道岩爆过程能量演化特征实验研究
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摘要
开展双轴加载条件下巷道岩爆声发射监测实验,分析巷道岩爆过程宏观破坏特征,并与现场岩爆发生过程进行对比研究;借助声发射能量参数,分析岩爆宏观破坏过程能量积聚、释放规律及能量的时间效应,重点探讨水平载荷对岩爆过程能量演化规律的影响,进一步从能量的角度揭示巷道岩爆的发生机制。研究结果表明:巷道岩爆存在平静期、颗粒弹射、岩片剥落伴随颗粒弹射、爆裂喷射4个典型阶段特征,但在颗粒弹射、片状剥离现象后会出现"短暂平静期",即巷道岩爆经历了平静期→颗粒弹射→短暂平静期→岩片剥落伴随颗粒弹射→短暂平静期→爆裂喷射的演化过程。巷道岩爆过程平静期对应能量的积聚过程,颗粒弹射、岩片剥离伴随颗粒弹射和剧烈喷射对应能量的释放过程,而"短暂平静期"内能量发生机制与水平载荷有关。一方面,水平载荷增大,岩爆孕育过程积聚的能量显著增加,为岩爆发生提供了足够的动力源;另一方面,水平载荷增大,"短暂平静期"内能量由积聚过程逐渐转变为释放过程,导致颗粒弹射到剧烈喷射阶段能量持续释放,且能量释放速度加快;上述两方面的综合作用致使高水平载荷下岩爆孕育过程聚集的大量能量在短时间内快速释放,从而诱发突发性强、破坏性大的岩爆灾害,同时预测的难度也加大。
The acoustic emission monitoring experiment of tunnel rockbursts under biaxial loading was carried out. Compared with the process of rockbursts in practical engineering,the macroscopic damage characteristics of tunnel rockburst process was analysed. With the help of acoustic emission energy parameters,the energy accumulation and release law and the time effect of energy during the macro-failure process of rockbursts were analysed. The influence of the horizontal load on the energy evolution law of rockburst process was discussed,and the mechanism of rockbursts was revealed from the point of energy. The results show that roadway rockbursts have four typical stages including quiet period,particle ejection,rock fragmentation accompanied by particle ejection and burst ejection,and that there will be a short quiet period after particle ejection or flake exfoliation. That is to say,rockbursts experience an evolution process of calm period,particle ejection,short calm period,rock fragmentation accompanied by particle ejection,short calm period and burst ejection. The calm period corresponds to the process of energy aggregation,while the other three typical stages correspond to the process of energy release. The energy generation mechanism in the short quiet period is related to the horizontal load. On one hand,with increasing the horizontal load,the accumulated energy increases significantly in the process of rockburst incubation,which provides enough power source for the occurrence of the rockburst. On the other hand,the energy in the short quiet period gradually changes from the aggregation process to the release process,which leads to a continuous and quick energy release in the process from particle ejection to intense ejection. Under the combined action of the above two aspects,a large amount of energy accumulated in the process of rockburst incubation under a high-level load is released rapidly in a short time,leading to a sudden strong and destructive rockburst disaster which is difficult to predict.
The acoustic emission monitoring experiment of tunnel rockbursts under biaxial loading was carried out. Compared with the process of rockbursts in practical engineering,the macroscopic damage characteristics of tunnel rockburst process was analysed. With the help of acoustic emission energy parameters,the energy accumulation and release law and the time effect of energy during the macro-failure process of rockbursts were analysed. The influence of the horizontal load on the energy evolution law of rockburst process was discussed,and the mechanism of rockbursts was revealed from the point of energy. The results show that roadway rockbursts have four typical stages including quiet period,particle ejection,rock fragmentation accompanied by particle ejection and burst ejection,and that there will be a short quiet period after particle ejection or flake exfoliation. That is to say,rockbursts experience an evolution process of calm period,particle ejection,short calm period,rock fragmentation accompanied by particle ejection,short calm period and burst ejection. The calm period corresponds to the process of energy aggregation,while the other three typical stages correspond to the process of energy release. The energy generation mechanism in the short quiet period is related to the horizontal load. On one hand,with increasing the horizontal load,the accumulated energy increases significantly in the process of rockburst incubation,which provides enough power source for the occurrence of the rockburst. On the other hand,the energy in the short quiet period gradually changes from the aggregation process to the release process,which leads to a continuous and quick energy release in the process from particle ejection to intense ejection. Under the combined action of the above two aspects,a large amount of energy accumulated in the process of rockburst incubation under a high-level load is released rapidly in a short time,leading to a sudden strong and destructive rockburst disaster which is difficult to predict.
引文
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[7]于洋,冯夏庭,陈炳瑞,等.深埋隧洞不同开挖方式下即时型岩爆微震信息特征及能量分形研究[J].岩土力学,2013,34(9):2 622-2 628.(YU Yang,FENG Xiating,CHEN Bingrui,et al.Analysis of energy fractal and microseismic information characteristics about immediate rockbursts in deep tunnels with different excavation methods[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(9):2 622-2 628.(in Chinese))
[8]张镜剑,傅冰骏.岩爆及其判据和防治[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(10):2 035-2 042.(ZHANG Jingjian,FU Bingjun.Rock burst and its criteria and control[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(10):2 035-2 042.(in Chinese))
[9]苏国韶,蒋剑青,冯夏庭,等.岩爆弹射破坏过程的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(10):1 990-1 999.(SU Guoshao,JIANG Jianqing,FENG Xiating,et al.Experimental study of ejection process in rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(10):1 990-1 999.(in Chinese))
[10]徐则民,吴培关,王苏达,等.岩爆过程释放的能量分析[J].自然灾害学报,2003,12(3):104-110.(XU Zemin,WU Peiguan,WANGSuda,et al.Analysis of energy released in process of rock burst[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2003,12(3):104-110.(in Chinese))
[11]宫凤强,闫景一,李夕兵.基于线性储能规律和剩余弹性能指数的岩爆倾向性判据[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(9):1 993-2 014.(GONG Fengqiang,YAN Jingyi,LI Xibing.A new criterion of rock burst proneness based on the linear energy storage law and the residual elastic energy index[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(9):1 993-2 014.(in Chinese))
[12]李德建,贾雪娜,苗金丽,等.花岗岩岩爆试验碎屑分形特征分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(增1):3 280-3 289.(LIDejian,JIAXuena,MIAO Jinli,et al.Analysis of fractal characteristics of fragment from rockburst test of granite[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(Supp.1):3 280-3 289.(in Chinese))
[13]GONG F,LUO Y,LI X,et al.Experimental simulation investigation on rockburst induced by spalling failure in deep circular tunnels[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2018,81:413-427.
[14]陈陆望,白世伟.坚硬脆性岩体中圆形洞室岩爆破坏的平面应变模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(12):2 504-2 509.(CHEN Luwang,BAI Shiwei.Research on plane strain model test of rockburst of circular cavern in hard brittle rockmass[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(12):2 504-2 509.(in Chinese))
[15]何满潮,刘冬桥,宫伟力,等.冲击岩爆试验系统研发及试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(9):1 729-1 739.(HE Manchao,LIUDongqiao,GONG Weili,et al.Development of a testing system for impact rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(9):1 729-1 739.(in Chinese))
[16]HE M,XIA H,JIA X,et al.Studies on classification,criteria and control of rockbursts[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,2012,4(2):97-114.
[17]齐燕军,东兆星,靖洪文,等.不同岩性巷道岩爆灾变特征模型试验研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2017,46(6):1 239-1 250.(QIYanjun,DONG Zhaoxing,JING Hongwen,et al.Experimental modelling on failure characteristics of rockburst with different properties tunnel[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2017,46(6):1 239-1 250.(in Chinese))
[18]司雪峰,宫凤强,罗勇,等.深部三维圆形洞室岩爆过程的模拟试验[J].岩土力学,2018,39(2):621-634.(SI Xuefeng,GONGFengqiang,LUO Yong,et al.Experimental simulation on rockburst process of deep three-dimensional circular cavern[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(2):621-634.(in Chinese))
[19]许东俊,章光,李廷芥,等.岩爆应力状态研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(2):169-173.(XU Dongjun,ZHANG Guang,LI Tingjie,et al.On the stress state in rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(2):169-173.(in Chinese))
[20]徐林生,王兰生,李天斌.国内外岩爆研究现状综述[J].长江科学院院报,1999,16(4):24-28.(XU Linsheng,WANG Lansheng,LI Tianbin.Present situation of rockburst research at home and abroad[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,1999,16(4):24-28.(in Chinese))
[21]苗金丽.岩爆的能量特征实验分析[博士学位论文][D].北京:中国矿业大学,2009.(MIAO Jinli.Experimental analysis of the energy characteristics of rockburst[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Beijing:China University of Mining and Technology,2009.(in Chinese))
[22]HOEK E,MARTIN C D.Fracture initiation and propagation in intact rock-A review[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,2014,6(4):287-300.
[23]谭以安.岩爆形成机制研究[J].水文地质工程地质,1989,(1):34-38.(TAN Yi?an.Formation mechanism research of rockburst[J].Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1989,(1):34-38.(in Chinese))
[2]何满潮,苗金丽,李德建,等.深部花岗岩试样岩爆过程试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):865-876.(HE Manchao,MIAOJinli,LI Dejian,et al.Experimental study on rock burst processes of granite specimen at great depth[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):865-876.(in Chinese))
[3]何满潮,姜耀东,赵毅鑫.以复合能量转化为中心的冲击地压控制理论[C]//深部开采基础理论与工程实践.北京:科学出版社,2006:205-214.(HE Manchao,JIANG Yaodong,ZHAO Yixin.Control theory of coal blast on the principle of transform of compound energy[C]//Investigation on the Basic Theory and Engineering in Deep Mining.Beijing:Science Press,2006:205-214.(in Chinese))
[4]何满潮,钱七虎.深部岩体力学研究进展[C]//第九届全国岩石力学与工程学术大会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2006:49-62.(HEManchao,QIAN Qihu.Study development on rock mechanics at great depth[C]//Proceedings of the 9th Academic Meeting Thesis of Chinese Rock Mechanics and Engineering.Beijing:Science Press,2006:49-62.(in Chinese))
[5]蔡美峰,王金安,王双红,等.玲珑金矿深部开采岩体能量分析与岩爆综合预测[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(1):38-42.(CAIMeifeng,WANG Jin′an,WANG Shuanghong,et al.Analysis of energy distribution and prediction of rock burst during deep mining excavation in Linglong gold mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,20(1):38-42.(in Chinese))
[6]蔡美峰,冀东,郭奇峰.基于地应力现场实测与开采扰动能量积聚理论的岩爆预测研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(10):1 973-1 980.(CAI Meifeng,JI Dong,GUO Qifeng.Study of rockburst prediction based on in-situ stress measurement and theory of energy accumulation caused by mining disturbance[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(10):1 973-1 980.(in Chinese))
[7]于洋,冯夏庭,陈炳瑞,等.深埋隧洞不同开挖方式下即时型岩爆微震信息特征及能量分形研究[J].岩土力学,2013,34(9):2 622-2 628.(YU Yang,FENG Xiating,CHEN Bingrui,et al.Analysis of energy fractal and microseismic information characteristics about immediate rockbursts in deep tunnels with different excavation methods[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(9):2 622-2 628.(in Chinese))
[8]张镜剑,傅冰骏.岩爆及其判据和防治[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(10):2 035-2 042.(ZHANG Jingjian,FU Bingjun.Rock burst and its criteria and control[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(10):2 035-2 042.(in Chinese))
[9]苏国韶,蒋剑青,冯夏庭,等.岩爆弹射破坏过程的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(10):1 990-1 999.(SU Guoshao,JIANG Jianqing,FENG Xiating,et al.Experimental study of ejection process in rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(10):1 990-1 999.(in Chinese))
[10]徐则民,吴培关,王苏达,等.岩爆过程释放的能量分析[J].自然灾害学报,2003,12(3):104-110.(XU Zemin,WU Peiguan,WANGSuda,et al.Analysis of energy released in process of rock burst[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2003,12(3):104-110.(in Chinese))
[11]宫凤强,闫景一,李夕兵.基于线性储能规律和剩余弹性能指数的岩爆倾向性判据[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(9):1 993-2 014.(GONG Fengqiang,YAN Jingyi,LI Xibing.A new criterion of rock burst proneness based on the linear energy storage law and the residual elastic energy index[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(9):1 993-2 014.(in Chinese))
[12]李德建,贾雪娜,苗金丽,等.花岗岩岩爆试验碎屑分形特征分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(增1):3 280-3 289.(LIDejian,JIAXuena,MIAO Jinli,et al.Analysis of fractal characteristics of fragment from rockburst test of granite[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(Supp.1):3 280-3 289.(in Chinese))
[13]GONG F,LUO Y,LI X,et al.Experimental simulation investigation on rockburst induced by spalling failure in deep circular tunnels[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2018,81:413-427.
[14]陈陆望,白世伟.坚硬脆性岩体中圆形洞室岩爆破坏的平面应变模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(12):2 504-2 509.(CHEN Luwang,BAI Shiwei.Research on plane strain model test of rockburst of circular cavern in hard brittle rockmass[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(12):2 504-2 509.(in Chinese))
[15]何满潮,刘冬桥,宫伟力,等.冲击岩爆试验系统研发及试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(9):1 729-1 739.(HE Manchao,LIUDongqiao,GONG Weili,et al.Development of a testing system for impact rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(9):1 729-1 739.(in Chinese))
[16]HE M,XIA H,JIA X,et al.Studies on classification,criteria and control of rockbursts[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,2012,4(2):97-114.
[17]齐燕军,东兆星,靖洪文,等.不同岩性巷道岩爆灾变特征模型试验研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2017,46(6):1 239-1 250.(QIYanjun,DONG Zhaoxing,JING Hongwen,et al.Experimental modelling on failure characteristics of rockburst with different properties tunnel[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2017,46(6):1 239-1 250.(in Chinese))
[18]司雪峰,宫凤强,罗勇,等.深部三维圆形洞室岩爆过程的模拟试验[J].岩土力学,2018,39(2):621-634.(SI Xuefeng,GONGFengqiang,LUO Yong,et al.Experimental simulation on rockburst process of deep three-dimensional circular cavern[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(2):621-634.(in Chinese))
[19]许东俊,章光,李廷芥,等.岩爆应力状态研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(2):169-173.(XU Dongjun,ZHANG Guang,LI Tingjie,et al.On the stress state in rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(2):169-173.(in Chinese))
[20]徐林生,王兰生,李天斌.国内外岩爆研究现状综述[J].长江科学院院报,1999,16(4):24-28.(XU Linsheng,WANG Lansheng,LI Tianbin.Present situation of rockburst research at home and abroad[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,1999,16(4):24-28.(in Chinese))
[21]苗金丽.岩爆的能量特征实验分析[博士学位论文][D].北京:中国矿业大学,2009.(MIAO Jinli.Experimental analysis of the energy characteristics of rockburst[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Beijing:China University of Mining and Technology,2009.(in Chinese))
[22]HOEK E,MARTIN C D.Fracture initiation and propagation in intact rock-A review[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,2014,6(4):287-300.
[23]谭以安.岩爆形成机制研究[J].水文地质工程地质,1989,(1):34-38.(TAN Yi?an.Formation mechanism research of rockburst[J].Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1989,(1):34-38.(in Chinese))