互联网对市场的改善和扰乱——基于市场失灵理论的视角
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摘要
互联网是一种记载信息、发布信息、搜索或接受信息、交流信息的工具,其主要特点在于大范围、高速度、低成本地处理信息。因此,一切由信息处理不便而引起的市场失灵都将因互联网而得到改善。互联网在降低交易成本、改善公共物品和公益物品供给、普及优质教育、净化学术市场等方面缓解了市场失灵、改善了市场,但同时也带来了大型门户网站的垄断、虚假信息泛滥、信息爆炸、刺激不良商品交易等市场失灵问题。市场失灵的具体表现与技术条件高度相关,互联网技术将改变市场失灵的具体表现,从而改变政府规制市场的范围和方式。
The Internet is a tool for people to record,release,to search or accept and exchange information.It can be understood as an information recording and transmission tool.The main factor of the Internet is to process information on a large scale with high speed and low cost.Therefore,any market failure caused by the inconvenient information processing will be improved by the development of the Internet technology.The improvement of the Internet to the market mainly manifests in three aspects.Firstly,the development of the Internet helps to alleviate the inadequacy and asymmetry of the market and reduce transaction costs.Specifically,the Internet improves the efficiency of matching supply and demand in the heterogeneous market (e.g.the decrease of the non-load probability and cost based on the Internet technology and the reduced frictional unemployment in the labor market),promotes the upgrading of consumer goods and life-oriented services,alleviates the excessive regulation phenomenon that cobweb type commodity may appear and eases the loan difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises.Secondly,the Internet can improve the supply efficiency of public goods and commonwealth goods.The Internet helps the government correct deviations in technology and promotes democratic decision-making in municipal constructions.Thirdly,the Internet popularizes high quality education to purify the academic thought market.The ability of the Internet to disseminate information on a large scale enables the adoption of technical means,such as the Mooc and the duplicate checking.Therefore,it promotes the popularization of high-quality education and reduces the probability of plagiarism and copying.Meanwhile,the Internet disrupts the market in the following ways.It may result in a monopoly of information supplier,such as the oligopoly competition pattern of different products in the information service market.It also may widen the gap between the rich and the poor in different industries.If there is incremental capital-intensive technological progress in many sectors of an economy,there will be a polarization of income distribution and wealth distribution in the society,and this polarization is likely to be passed on from generation to generation.The Internet may stimulate the flood of false information,cause information explosion,stimulate bad commodity trade,etc.As a major technological progress in information recording and transmission,the Internet is not only helpful in improving the operation of the market in terms of information recording and transmission,and reducing the market failure caused by information problems,but some unscrupulous people will also use this technology to disrupt the market and cause some new market failures.The specific expression of market failure in the real market is highly related to the technical conditions.The Internet technology will change the specific expression of market failure and cause certain changes in the scope and pattern of government regulation of the market.Based on this,the government should carry forward the advantages of the Internet to perfect the market mechanism,enhance the ability of the government to regulate and manage the market,and further improve social welfare.At the same time,the government should effectively regulate some unscrupulous people who use the Internet technology to disrupt the market.
The Internet is a tool for people to record,release,to search or accept and exchange information.It can be understood as an information recording and transmission tool.The main factor of the Internet is to process information on a large scale with high speed and low cost.Therefore,any market failure caused by the inconvenient information processing will be improved by the development of the Internet technology.The improvement of the Internet to the market mainly manifests in three aspects.Firstly,the development of the Internet helps to alleviate the inadequacy and asymmetry of the market and reduce transaction costs.Specifically,the Internet improves the efficiency of matching supply and demand in the heterogeneous market (e.g.the decrease of the non-load probability and cost based on the Internet technology and the reduced frictional unemployment in the labor market),promotes the upgrading of consumer goods and life-oriented services,alleviates the excessive regulation phenomenon that cobweb type commodity may appear and eases the loan difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises.Secondly,the Internet can improve the supply efficiency of public goods and commonwealth goods.The Internet helps the government correct deviations in technology and promotes democratic decision-making in municipal constructions.Thirdly,the Internet popularizes high quality education to purify the academic thought market.The ability of the Internet to disseminate information on a large scale enables the adoption of technical means,such as the Mooc and the duplicate checking.Therefore,it promotes the popularization of high-quality education and reduces the probability of plagiarism and copying.Meanwhile,the Internet disrupts the market in the following ways.It may result in a monopoly of information supplier,such as the oligopoly competition pattern of different products in the information service market.It also may widen the gap between the rich and the poor in different industries.If there is incremental capital-intensive technological progress in many sectors of an economy,there will be a polarization of income distribution and wealth distribution in the society,and this polarization is likely to be passed on from generation to generation.The Internet may stimulate the flood of false information,cause information explosion,stimulate bad commodity trade,etc.As a major technological progress in information recording and transmission,the Internet is not only helpful in improving the operation of the market in terms of information recording and transmission,and reducing the market failure caused by information problems,but some unscrupulous people will also use this technology to disrupt the market and cause some new market failures.The specific expression of market failure in the real market is highly related to the technical conditions.The Internet technology will change the specific expression of market failure and cause certain changes in the scope and pattern of government regulation of the market.Based on this,the government should carry forward the advantages of the Internet to perfect the market mechanism,enhance the ability of the government to regulate and manage the market,and further improve social welfare.At the same time,the government should effectively regulate some unscrupulous people who use the Internet technology to disrupt the market.
引文
[1][法]莱昂·瓦尔拉斯:《纯粹经济学要义》,北京:商务印书馆,1989年。[Walras L.Elements of Pure Economics,Beijing:The Commercial Press,1989.]
[2]Kenny C.,″The Internet and Economic Growth in Less-developed Countries:A Case of Managing Expectations,″Oxford Development Studies,Vol.31,No.3(2003),pp.99-113.
[3]Kafouros M.I.,″The Impact of the Internet on R&D Efficiency:Theory and Evidence,″Technovation,Vol.26,No.7(2006),pp.827-835.
[4]张旭昆、郑少贞:《多层市场模型:用交易费用解释商人和商业的作用》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2000年第6期,第123-130页。[Zhang Xukun &Zheng Shaozhen,″A Model of Multiple Market:To Explain the Function of Merchant and Commerce by Cost of Transaction,″Journal of Zhejiang University,No.6(2000),pp.123-130.]
[5]秦晓娟:《中国“互联网+流通”与农村居民消费多元性:传导机制及Panel Data数据验证》,《消费经济》2018年第1期,第52-57页。[Qin Xiaojuan,″′The Internet+Circulation′and Rural Residents’Consumption Diversification in China:Transmission Mechanism and Panel Data Verification,″Consumer Economics,No.1(2018),pp.52-57.]
[6]杨光、吴晓杭、吴芷翘:《互联网使用能提高家庭消费吗?——来自CFPS数据的证据》,《消费经济》2018年第1期,第19-24页。[Yang Guang,Wu Xiaohang &Wu Zhiqiao,″Can the Use of the Internet Increase Household Consumption:Evidences from the CFPS Data,″Consumer Economics,No.1(2018),pp.19-24.]
[7]裴长洪、倪江飞、李越:《数字经济的政治经济学分析》,《财贸经济》2018第9期,第5-22页。[Pei Changhong,Ni Jiangfei &Li Yue,″A Political Economic Analysis of Digital Economy,″Finance and Trade Economy,No.9(2018),pp.5-22.]
[8]史晋川、王维维:《互联网使用对创业行为的影响——基于微观数据的实证研究》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2018年第4期,第159-174页。[Shi Jingchuan &Wang Weiwei,″The Impact of the Internet Use on Entrepreneurship:An Empirical Analysis Based on the Micro-level Data,″Journal of Zhejiang University,No.4(2018),pp.159-174.]
[9]Singh S.,″Impact of the Internet and E-commerce on the Labor Market,″Indian Journal of Industrial Relations,Vol.4,No.43(2008),pp.633-644.
[10]Petersen B.,Welch L.S.&Liesch P.W.,″The Internet and Foreign Market Expansion by Firms,″Management International Review,Vol.2,No.42(2002),pp.207-221.
[11]葛伟民:《网络效应——互联网发展对全球经济的影响》,上海:上海社科院出版社,2004年。[Ge Weimin,Network Effect:The Impact of the Internet Development on the Global Economy,Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press,2004.]
[12]段军山、余点点:《互联网发展、教育投入与产业升级——基于中国68个大中城市的面板数据》,《产经评论》2013年第5期,第5-16页。[Duan Junshan &Yu Diandian,″The Internet Development,Investment in Education and Industrial Upgrading:Based on Panel Data of 68Cities in China,″Economic Review,No.5(2013),pp.5-16.]
[13]宋晓玲、侯金辰:《互联网使用状况能否提升普惠金融发展水平?——来自25个发达国家和40个发展中国家的经验证据》,《管理世界》2017年第1期,第172-173页。[Song Xiaoling &Hou Jinchen,″Can the Internet Use Improve the Development of Inclusive Finance:Empirical Evidences from 25 Developed and 40Developing Countries,″Management World,No.1(2017),pp.172-173.]
[14]曾润喜、杜洪涛、王晨曦:《互联网环境下公众议程与政策议程的关系及治理进路》,《管理世界》2016年第10期,第180-181页。[Zeng Runxi,Du Hongtao &Wang Chenxi,″The Relationship Between the Public Agenda and the Policy Agenda in the Internet Environment and the Governance Approach,″Management World,No.10(2016),pp.180-181.]
[15]黄志军、曹东坡、刘丹鹭:《互联网经济、制度与创新价值链——基于人力资本与制度发展指数的测度分析》,《经济理论与经济管理》2015年第9期,第26-39页。[Huang Zhijun,Cao Dongpo &Liu Danlu,″The Internet Economy,Institution and the Innovation Value Chain:An Analysis Based on Human Capital and Institution Index,″Economic Theory and Economic Management,No.9(2015),pp.26-39.]
[16]王胡:《新书反思数字革命》,《中华读书报》2015年3月25日,第17版。[Wang Hu,″A New Book That Reflects on the Digital Revolution,″Chinese Reading Weekly,2015-03-25,p.17.]
[17]谢莉娟、张昊:《国内市场运行效率的互联网驱动——计量模型与案例调研的双重驱动》,《经济理论与经济管理》2015年第9期,第40-55页。[Xie Lijuan &Zhang Hao,″The Internet Drive in Domestic Market Operating Efficiency:An Analysis Based on Econometric Model and Case Study,″Economic Theory and Economic Management,No.9(2015),pp.40-55.]
[18]李俊生、姚东旻:《互联网搜索服务的性质与其市场供给方式初探》,《管理世界》2016年第8期,第1-15页。[Li Junsheng &Yao Dongmin,″The Nature of the Internet Search Service and Its Market Supply Mode,″Management World,No.8(2016),pp.1-15.]
[19]Trannoy A.,″The Internet,Literacy and Earnings Inequality,″Louvain Economic Review,Vol.1,No.68(2002),pp.125-148.
[2]Kenny C.,″The Internet and Economic Growth in Less-developed Countries:A Case of Managing Expectations,″Oxford Development Studies,Vol.31,No.3(2003),pp.99-113.
[3]Kafouros M.I.,″The Impact of the Internet on R&D Efficiency:Theory and Evidence,″Technovation,Vol.26,No.7(2006),pp.827-835.
[4]张旭昆、郑少贞:《多层市场模型:用交易费用解释商人和商业的作用》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2000年第6期,第123-130页。[Zhang Xukun &Zheng Shaozhen,″A Model of Multiple Market:To Explain the Function of Merchant and Commerce by Cost of Transaction,″Journal of Zhejiang University,No.6(2000),pp.123-130.]
[5]秦晓娟:《中国“互联网+流通”与农村居民消费多元性:传导机制及Panel Data数据验证》,《消费经济》2018年第1期,第52-57页。[Qin Xiaojuan,″′The Internet+Circulation′and Rural Residents’Consumption Diversification in China:Transmission Mechanism and Panel Data Verification,″Consumer Economics,No.1(2018),pp.52-57.]
[6]杨光、吴晓杭、吴芷翘:《互联网使用能提高家庭消费吗?——来自CFPS数据的证据》,《消费经济》2018年第1期,第19-24页。[Yang Guang,Wu Xiaohang &Wu Zhiqiao,″Can the Use of the Internet Increase Household Consumption:Evidences from the CFPS Data,″Consumer Economics,No.1(2018),pp.19-24.]
[7]裴长洪、倪江飞、李越:《数字经济的政治经济学分析》,《财贸经济》2018第9期,第5-22页。[Pei Changhong,Ni Jiangfei &Li Yue,″A Political Economic Analysis of Digital Economy,″Finance and Trade Economy,No.9(2018),pp.5-22.]
[8]史晋川、王维维:《互联网使用对创业行为的影响——基于微观数据的实证研究》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2018年第4期,第159-174页。[Shi Jingchuan &Wang Weiwei,″The Impact of the Internet Use on Entrepreneurship:An Empirical Analysis Based on the Micro-level Data,″Journal of Zhejiang University,No.4(2018),pp.159-174.]
[9]Singh S.,″Impact of the Internet and E-commerce on the Labor Market,″Indian Journal of Industrial Relations,Vol.4,No.43(2008),pp.633-644.
[10]Petersen B.,Welch L.S.&Liesch P.W.,″The Internet and Foreign Market Expansion by Firms,″Management International Review,Vol.2,No.42(2002),pp.207-221.
[11]葛伟民:《网络效应——互联网发展对全球经济的影响》,上海:上海社科院出版社,2004年。[Ge Weimin,Network Effect:The Impact of the Internet Development on the Global Economy,Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press,2004.]
[12]段军山、余点点:《互联网发展、教育投入与产业升级——基于中国68个大中城市的面板数据》,《产经评论》2013年第5期,第5-16页。[Duan Junshan &Yu Diandian,″The Internet Development,Investment in Education and Industrial Upgrading:Based on Panel Data of 68Cities in China,″Economic Review,No.5(2013),pp.5-16.]
[13]宋晓玲、侯金辰:《互联网使用状况能否提升普惠金融发展水平?——来自25个发达国家和40个发展中国家的经验证据》,《管理世界》2017年第1期,第172-173页。[Song Xiaoling &Hou Jinchen,″Can the Internet Use Improve the Development of Inclusive Finance:Empirical Evidences from 25 Developed and 40Developing Countries,″Management World,No.1(2017),pp.172-173.]
[14]曾润喜、杜洪涛、王晨曦:《互联网环境下公众议程与政策议程的关系及治理进路》,《管理世界》2016年第10期,第180-181页。[Zeng Runxi,Du Hongtao &Wang Chenxi,″The Relationship Between the Public Agenda and the Policy Agenda in the Internet Environment and the Governance Approach,″Management World,No.10(2016),pp.180-181.]
[15]黄志军、曹东坡、刘丹鹭:《互联网经济、制度与创新价值链——基于人力资本与制度发展指数的测度分析》,《经济理论与经济管理》2015年第9期,第26-39页。[Huang Zhijun,Cao Dongpo &Liu Danlu,″The Internet Economy,Institution and the Innovation Value Chain:An Analysis Based on Human Capital and Institution Index,″Economic Theory and Economic Management,No.9(2015),pp.26-39.]
[16]王胡:《新书反思数字革命》,《中华读书报》2015年3月25日,第17版。[Wang Hu,″A New Book That Reflects on the Digital Revolution,″Chinese Reading Weekly,2015-03-25,p.17.]
[17]谢莉娟、张昊:《国内市场运行效率的互联网驱动——计量模型与案例调研的双重驱动》,《经济理论与经济管理》2015年第9期,第40-55页。[Xie Lijuan &Zhang Hao,″The Internet Drive in Domestic Market Operating Efficiency:An Analysis Based on Econometric Model and Case Study,″Economic Theory and Economic Management,No.9(2015),pp.40-55.]
[18]李俊生、姚东旻:《互联网搜索服务的性质与其市场供给方式初探》,《管理世界》2016年第8期,第1-15页。[Li Junsheng &Yao Dongmin,″The Nature of the Internet Search Service and Its Market Supply Mode,″Management World,No.8(2016),pp.1-15.]
[19]Trannoy A.,″The Internet,Literacy and Earnings Inequality,″Louvain Economic Review,Vol.1,No.68(2002),pp.125-148.
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