纳米比亚达马拉构造带演化和成矿研究综述
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摘要
纳米比亚达马拉构造带是刚果克拉通和卡拉哈里克拉通的边界,其经历了裂谷的开启到闭合等四个演化阶段,构造带内沉积地层主要为诺西布群和斯瓦科普群,主要分布铀、金和铜等矿床(点)。铀矿床主要为白岗岩型和钙结岩型,其中D型白岗岩与成矿有密切关系,代表性矿床为罗辛铀矿床和湖山铀矿床;钙结岩型铀矿床与新近纪以来方解石、石膏等胶结砾石、粗砂和砂形成钙结岩和膏结岩有关,代表性矿床为兰格海因里希铀矿床。金矿床(点)主要为矽卡岩型金矿床,产于Okawayo组角闪岩、钙-硅酸盐岩、大理岩和火山碎屑岩中,代表性矿床为纳瓦卡布金矿床和Onguat Brown山金矿点等。铜矿床(点)主要分布于马切利斯角闪岩带内,代表性矿床为Ongombo和Gorob等铜矿床。笔者等通过研究达马拉构造带的演化及其矿产资源现状,认为该地区具有较好的找矿潜力。
Damara Belt of Namibia is the boundary between Congo Craton and Kalahari Craton. It experienced four stages of rift evolution from opened to closed. Nosib Group and Swakop Group formed in the Belt. There have some uranium,gold and copper deposits(occurrences). Uranium deposits mainly include alaskite-type and calcium cemented type. Type D alaskite is closely related to mineralization and representative deposits include R?ssing uranium deposit and Husab uranium deposit. From Neogene to now calcium cemented type is closely related to calcium cemented rocks and gypsum cemented rocks of calcite-gypsum cemented gravel,coarse sand and sand. Representative deposits include Langer Heinrich uranium deposit. Gold deposits(occurrences)are mainly skarn-type gold deposit occurring in amphibolite, calcium-silicate rocks,marble and volcano clastic rocks.Representative deposits include Navachab gold deposit and Onguat Brown Hill gold occurrences etc. Copper deposits(occurrences)are mainly distributed in Matchless Amphibolite Belt and representative deposits include Ongombo copper deposit and Gorob copper deposit etc. The authors study geodynamic evolution and mineral resources present research in Damara Belt and think the area has a good prospecting potential.
Damara Belt of Namibia is the boundary between Congo Craton and Kalahari Craton. It experienced four stages of rift evolution from opened to closed. Nosib Group and Swakop Group formed in the Belt. There have some uranium,gold and copper deposits(occurrences). Uranium deposits mainly include alaskite-type and calcium cemented type. Type D alaskite is closely related to mineralization and representative deposits include R?ssing uranium deposit and Husab uranium deposit. From Neogene to now calcium cemented type is closely related to calcium cemented rocks and gypsum cemented rocks of calcite-gypsum cemented gravel,coarse sand and sand. Representative deposits include Langer Heinrich uranium deposit. Gold deposits(occurrences)are mainly skarn-type gold deposit occurring in amphibolite, calcium-silicate rocks,marble and volcano clastic rocks.Representative deposits include Navachab gold deposit and Onguat Brown Hill gold occurrences etc. Copper deposits(occurrences)are mainly distributed in Matchless Amphibolite Belt and representative deposits include Ongombo copper deposit and Gorob copper deposit etc. The authors study geodynamic evolution and mineral resources present research in Damara Belt and think the area has a good prospecting potential.
引文
[1]任军平,左立波,许康康,等.赞比亚北部班韦乌卢地块演化及矿产资源研究现状[J].地质论评,2016,62(4):979-996.
[2]任军平,王杰,刘晓阳,等.非洲中南部卢弗里安弧Cu-Co矿床研究进展[J].地质科技情报,2013,32(5):142-152.
[3]任军平,许康康,相振群,等.南非维特沃特斯兰德盆地绍斯迪普金矿床地质特征、成矿模式和找矿模型[J].地质通报,2015,34(6):1217-1226.
[4]任军平,王杰,刘晓阳,等.非洲中南部铜多金属矿床研究现状及找矿潜力分析[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2017,47(4):1083-1103.
[5]刘晓阳,王杰,余金杰,等.中南部非洲的地质构造演化与矿产分布规律[J].地质找矿论丛,2015,30(增刊1):1-12.
[6]王杰,任军平,何胜飞,等.南非主要金矿集区研究现状及存在问题[J].地质论评,2014,60(5):997-1008.
[7]左立波,任军平,王杰,等.非洲中南部铀矿床研究现状及资源潜力分析[J].地质科技情报,2017,36(1):128-139.
[8]Nash C R.Metamorphic petrology of the SJ area,Swakopmund District,South West Africa[J].Bulletin of the Precambrian Research,1971,9:77.
[9]Coward M P.The tectonic history of the Damaran Belt[J]//Miller R Mc G(Ed.).Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa.Special Publication of the Geological Society of South Africa,1983,11:409-421.
[10]Maryin H.Alternative geodynamic models for the Damara Orogeny:critical discussion[A].In:Martin,Eder,eds.Intracontinental Fold Belts[C].Berlin,Heidelberg:SpringerVerlag,1983:913-945.
[11]Lehtonen M I,Manninen T E T,Schreiber U M.Report on the lithostratigraphy of the area between the Swakop,Khan and lower Omaruru Rivers,Namibia Desert[R].Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia,1996,11:65-76.
[12]Nex P A M.Tectono-metamorphic setting and evolution of granitic sheets in the Goanikontes area,Namibia[D].Ireland,Galway,National University of Ireland,1997.
[13]高阳,范洪海,陈东欢,等.白岗岩型铀矿床:构造和岩浆作用耦合的产物[J].地质与勘探,2012.48(5):1058-1066.
[14]Martin H and Porada H.The intracratonic branch of the Damara Orogen in Southwest Africa.I.Discussion of geodynamic models[J].Precambrian Research,1977,5:311-338.
[15]Miller R M G.The Pan-African Damara Orogen of South West Africa/Namibia[J]//Miller R Mc G(Ed.).Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa.Special Publication of the Geological Society of South Africa,1983,11:431-515.
[16]Osterhus L,Jung S,Berndt J,et al.Geochronology,geochemistry and Nd,Sr and Pb isotopes of syn-orogenic granodiorites and granites(Damara orogen,Namibia)-Arc-related plutonism or melting of mafic crustal sources?[J].Lithos,2014,200-201:386-401.
[17]Shawn K,Alexander K,Nick S,et al.Shear-zone hosted copper mineralisation of the Omitiomire deposit-Structural controls of fluid flow and mineralisation during subduction accretion in the Pan-African Damara Belt of Namibia[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2016,75:1-15.
[18]Henry G,Clendenin C W,Stannistreet I G,et al.Multiple detachment model for the early rifting stage of the Late Proterozoic Damara orogen in Namibia[J].Geology,1990,18:67-91.
[19]Jacom R E.Geology and metamorphic petrology of part of the Damara orogen along the lower Swakop River South West Africa[J].Bulletin-Chamber of Mines Precambrian Research Unit,1974,17:185.
[20]Sawyer E W.Damaran structural and metamorphic geology of an area southeast of Walvis Bay,S.W.Africa/Namibia[D].South Africa,Cape Town,University of Cape Town,1978.
[21]Nex P A M,Kinnaird J A.Granites and their mineralisation in the Swakop River area around Goanikontes,Namibia[R].Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia,1995,10:51-56.
[22]Bowden P and Tack L.Evidence for Late Pan-African granitic plutons in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen,Namibia[A]//Abstracts Geocongress 95[C].Johannesburg:Geological Society of South Africa,1995,1089-1092.
[23]Basson I J,Greenway G.The R?ssing Uranium Deposit:a product of late-kinematic localization of uraniferous granites in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen,Namibia[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,2004,38:413-435.
[24]Kukla P A,Stanistreet I G.Record of the Damaran Khomas Hochland accretionary prism in Central Namibia:refutation of an“ensialic”origin of a Late Proterozoic orogenic belt[J].Geology,1991,19:473-476.
[25]Barnes S J,Sawyer E W.An alternative model for the Damara Mobile Belt:Ocean crust subduction and continental convergence[J].Precambrian Research,1980,13:297-336.
[26]Martin H.Alternative geodynamic models for the Damara Orogeny:critical discussion[A].In:Martin,Eder,eds.Intracontinental Fold Belts[C].Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,1983:913-945.
[27]Porada H.Stratigraphy and facies in the upper Proterozoic Damara Orogen,Namibia,based on a geodynamic model[J].Precambrian Research,1985,29:235-264.
[28]Stanistreet I G,Kukla P A,Henry G.Sedimentary basinal responses to a late Precambrian Wilson cycle:the Damara Orogen and Nama Foreland Namibia[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,1991,13:141-156.
[29]Kock G S D.Forearc basin evolution in the Pan-African Damara Belt,central Namibia:the Hureb Formation of the Khomas Zone[J].Precambrian Research,1992,57:169-194.
[30]Frimmel H E,Basei M S,Gaucher C.Neoproterozoic geodynamic evolution of SW-Gondwana:a southern African perspective[J].International Journal of Earth Sciences,2011,100:323-354.
[31]荣建锋,林泳钊,王照良.纳米比亚湖山铀矿床地质概况[J].四川地质学报,2016.36(1):101-106.
[32]Roesener H,Schreuder C P U.In The Mineral Resources of Namibia[R].Namibia:Ministry of Mines and Energy,Geological Survey Namibia,1992.
[33]顾大钊,许志斌,范洪海,等.纳米比亚不同类型铀矿床成因初探[J].矿产勘查,2015,6(4):471-477.
[34]Pirajno F and Jacob R E.Gold mineralisation in the intracontinental branch of the Damara Orogen,Namibia:a preliminary survey[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,1991,13(3/4):305-311.
[35]Kisters A F M.Controls of gold-quartz vein formation during regional folding in amphibolite-facies,marble-dominated metasediments of the Navachab Gold Mine in the PanAfrican Damara Belt,Namibia[J].South African Journal of Geology,2005,108:365-380.
[36]Pirajno F,Jacob R E,Petzel V F W.Distal skarn-type gold mineralization in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen,Namibia[A].//Brazil Gold[C],1991,95-100.
[37]黄久远,刘宏强,徐勇,等.纳米比亚Ongombo铜矿床地质特征及成因探讨[J].新疆地质,2014,32(3):386-391.
[38]Briqueu L,Lancelot J R,Valois J P,et al.Géochronologie U-Pb et genèse d’un type de minéralisation uranifère:les alaskites de Goanikontes(Namibia)et leur encaissant[J].Bulletin Centrale De Recherche ExplorationProduction Elf Aquitaine,1980,4:759-811.
[39]崔敏利,向运川,李玉龙.非洲纳米比亚埃龙戈(Erongo)区地质特征及典型矿床[J].矿物学报,2015,(增刊1):1074-1075.
[40]熊清华,喻志军,贾群,等.纳米比亚卡里比布白色玉质大理石矿床基本特征[A].//江西地学新进展2013[C].南昌:江西省地质学会,2013,163-165.
[2]任军平,王杰,刘晓阳,等.非洲中南部卢弗里安弧Cu-Co矿床研究进展[J].地质科技情报,2013,32(5):142-152.
[3]任军平,许康康,相振群,等.南非维特沃特斯兰德盆地绍斯迪普金矿床地质特征、成矿模式和找矿模型[J].地质通报,2015,34(6):1217-1226.
[4]任军平,王杰,刘晓阳,等.非洲中南部铜多金属矿床研究现状及找矿潜力分析[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2017,47(4):1083-1103.
[5]刘晓阳,王杰,余金杰,等.中南部非洲的地质构造演化与矿产分布规律[J].地质找矿论丛,2015,30(增刊1):1-12.
[6]王杰,任军平,何胜飞,等.南非主要金矿集区研究现状及存在问题[J].地质论评,2014,60(5):997-1008.
[7]左立波,任军平,王杰,等.非洲中南部铀矿床研究现状及资源潜力分析[J].地质科技情报,2017,36(1):128-139.
[8]Nash C R.Metamorphic petrology of the SJ area,Swakopmund District,South West Africa[J].Bulletin of the Precambrian Research,1971,9:77.
[9]Coward M P.The tectonic history of the Damaran Belt[J]//Miller R Mc G(Ed.).Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa.Special Publication of the Geological Society of South Africa,1983,11:409-421.
[10]Maryin H.Alternative geodynamic models for the Damara Orogeny:critical discussion[A].In:Martin,Eder,eds.Intracontinental Fold Belts[C].Berlin,Heidelberg:SpringerVerlag,1983:913-945.
[11]Lehtonen M I,Manninen T E T,Schreiber U M.Report on the lithostratigraphy of the area between the Swakop,Khan and lower Omaruru Rivers,Namibia Desert[R].Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia,1996,11:65-76.
[12]Nex P A M.Tectono-metamorphic setting and evolution of granitic sheets in the Goanikontes area,Namibia[D].Ireland,Galway,National University of Ireland,1997.
[13]高阳,范洪海,陈东欢,等.白岗岩型铀矿床:构造和岩浆作用耦合的产物[J].地质与勘探,2012.48(5):1058-1066.
[14]Martin H and Porada H.The intracratonic branch of the Damara Orogen in Southwest Africa.I.Discussion of geodynamic models[J].Precambrian Research,1977,5:311-338.
[15]Miller R M G.The Pan-African Damara Orogen of South West Africa/Namibia[J]//Miller R Mc G(Ed.).Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa.Special Publication of the Geological Society of South Africa,1983,11:431-515.
[16]Osterhus L,Jung S,Berndt J,et al.Geochronology,geochemistry and Nd,Sr and Pb isotopes of syn-orogenic granodiorites and granites(Damara orogen,Namibia)-Arc-related plutonism or melting of mafic crustal sources?[J].Lithos,2014,200-201:386-401.
[17]Shawn K,Alexander K,Nick S,et al.Shear-zone hosted copper mineralisation of the Omitiomire deposit-Structural controls of fluid flow and mineralisation during subduction accretion in the Pan-African Damara Belt of Namibia[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2016,75:1-15.
[18]Henry G,Clendenin C W,Stannistreet I G,et al.Multiple detachment model for the early rifting stage of the Late Proterozoic Damara orogen in Namibia[J].Geology,1990,18:67-91.
[19]Jacom R E.Geology and metamorphic petrology of part of the Damara orogen along the lower Swakop River South West Africa[J].Bulletin-Chamber of Mines Precambrian Research Unit,1974,17:185.
[20]Sawyer E W.Damaran structural and metamorphic geology of an area southeast of Walvis Bay,S.W.Africa/Namibia[D].South Africa,Cape Town,University of Cape Town,1978.
[21]Nex P A M,Kinnaird J A.Granites and their mineralisation in the Swakop River area around Goanikontes,Namibia[R].Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia,1995,10:51-56.
[22]Bowden P and Tack L.Evidence for Late Pan-African granitic plutons in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen,Namibia[A]//Abstracts Geocongress 95[C].Johannesburg:Geological Society of South Africa,1995,1089-1092.
[23]Basson I J,Greenway G.The R?ssing Uranium Deposit:a product of late-kinematic localization of uraniferous granites in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen,Namibia[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,2004,38:413-435.
[24]Kukla P A,Stanistreet I G.Record of the Damaran Khomas Hochland accretionary prism in Central Namibia:refutation of an“ensialic”origin of a Late Proterozoic orogenic belt[J].Geology,1991,19:473-476.
[25]Barnes S J,Sawyer E W.An alternative model for the Damara Mobile Belt:Ocean crust subduction and continental convergence[J].Precambrian Research,1980,13:297-336.
[26]Martin H.Alternative geodynamic models for the Damara Orogeny:critical discussion[A].In:Martin,Eder,eds.Intracontinental Fold Belts[C].Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,1983:913-945.
[27]Porada H.Stratigraphy and facies in the upper Proterozoic Damara Orogen,Namibia,based on a geodynamic model[J].Precambrian Research,1985,29:235-264.
[28]Stanistreet I G,Kukla P A,Henry G.Sedimentary basinal responses to a late Precambrian Wilson cycle:the Damara Orogen and Nama Foreland Namibia[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,1991,13:141-156.
[29]Kock G S D.Forearc basin evolution in the Pan-African Damara Belt,central Namibia:the Hureb Formation of the Khomas Zone[J].Precambrian Research,1992,57:169-194.
[30]Frimmel H E,Basei M S,Gaucher C.Neoproterozoic geodynamic evolution of SW-Gondwana:a southern African perspective[J].International Journal of Earth Sciences,2011,100:323-354.
[31]荣建锋,林泳钊,王照良.纳米比亚湖山铀矿床地质概况[J].四川地质学报,2016.36(1):101-106.
[32]Roesener H,Schreuder C P U.In The Mineral Resources of Namibia[R].Namibia:Ministry of Mines and Energy,Geological Survey Namibia,1992.
[33]顾大钊,许志斌,范洪海,等.纳米比亚不同类型铀矿床成因初探[J].矿产勘查,2015,6(4):471-477.
[34]Pirajno F and Jacob R E.Gold mineralisation in the intracontinental branch of the Damara Orogen,Namibia:a preliminary survey[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,1991,13(3/4):305-311.
[35]Kisters A F M.Controls of gold-quartz vein formation during regional folding in amphibolite-facies,marble-dominated metasediments of the Navachab Gold Mine in the PanAfrican Damara Belt,Namibia[J].South African Journal of Geology,2005,108:365-380.
[36]Pirajno F,Jacob R E,Petzel V F W.Distal skarn-type gold mineralization in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen,Namibia[A].//Brazil Gold[C],1991,95-100.
[37]黄久远,刘宏强,徐勇,等.纳米比亚Ongombo铜矿床地质特征及成因探讨[J].新疆地质,2014,32(3):386-391.
[38]Briqueu L,Lancelot J R,Valois J P,et al.Géochronologie U-Pb et genèse d’un type de minéralisation uranifère:les alaskites de Goanikontes(Namibia)et leur encaissant[J].Bulletin Centrale De Recherche ExplorationProduction Elf Aquitaine,1980,4:759-811.
[39]崔敏利,向运川,李玉龙.非洲纳米比亚埃龙戈(Erongo)区地质特征及典型矿床[J].矿物学报,2015,(增刊1):1074-1075.
[40]熊清华,喻志军,贾群,等.纳米比亚卡里比布白色玉质大理石矿床基本特征[A].//江西地学新进展2013[C].南昌:江西省地质学会,2013,163-165.