2016年冬季北京地区一次重污染天气过程边界层特征
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摘要
利用中国气象局地面常规观测资料、微脉冲激光雷达(MINI-MPL)、风廓线雷达资料、生态环境部大气成分等资料,对2016年12月16～21日京津冀多地污染过程的生消特征、与气象条件的关系以及边界层的结构特点进行了分析.结果表明:大气处于静稳状态,低层大气盛行偏南气流,大气湿度持续增加,加之北京三面环山不利于污染物扩散的特殊地形是造成北京此次严重空气污染的重要因素.重污染期间,污染物主要聚集在800m高度以下,严重污染时,污染物高度甚至仅有400m左右.风廓线雷达反演风场显示:2次PM2.5浓度快速上升阶段低层伴随持续偏南风或偏东风.污染过程期间,逆温结构明显,两次污染快速发展阶段恰好出现在两次逆温最强时段.此次污染天气过程,激光雷达退偏振比总体小于0.25,反映污染主要是人类活动产生气溶胶,前期以一次排放颗粒物为主,后期以二次转化颗粒物为主.退偏振比污染过程前期呈明显日变化特征,且白天退偏比比夜间高.
The characteristics of the pollution process occurred in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebe province during 16～21 December 2016, the relationship between the pollution process and meteorological conditions were studied by using the data of routine ground observation, Micropulse Lidar(MINI-MPL), wind profiler radar, and atmospheric composition of the Ministry of Ecology, etc. of China Meteorological Administration. The static state of the atmosphere, the prevailing southerly airflow in the lower atmosphere, the continuous increase of atmospheric humidity, and the special terrain surrounding the mountains on three sides of Beijing which was not conducive to the diffusion of pollutants were the important factors causing the serious air pollution in Beijing. During the period of heavy pollution, the pollutants mainly accumulated below 800 meters. When the pollution was serious, the height of pollutants was only about 400 meters. Wind profiler radar retrieved wind field showed that the low level of PM2.5 concentration rose rapidly during two periods, accompanied by persistent southerly or easterly winds. During the pollution process, the inversion structure was obvious, and the rapid development of two pollution stages occured in the two periods of the strongest inversion. In this polluted weather process, the depolarization ratio of lidar was less than 0.25, reflecting that the pollution was mainly caused by human activities. In the early stage, primary particulate matter was the main pollutant, and in the later stage, secondary transformed particulate matter was the main. The depolarization ratio showed obvious daily change in the early stage of pollution process, and the depolarization ratio was higher in daytime than at night.
The characteristics of the pollution process occurred in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebe province during 16～21 December 2016, the relationship between the pollution process and meteorological conditions were studied by using the data of routine ground observation, Micropulse Lidar(MINI-MPL), wind profiler radar, and atmospheric composition of the Ministry of Ecology, etc. of China Meteorological Administration. The static state of the atmosphere, the prevailing southerly airflow in the lower atmosphere, the continuous increase of atmospheric humidity, and the special terrain surrounding the mountains on three sides of Beijing which was not conducive to the diffusion of pollutants were the important factors causing the serious air pollution in Beijing. During the period of heavy pollution, the pollutants mainly accumulated below 800 meters. When the pollution was serious, the height of pollutants was only about 400 meters. Wind profiler radar retrieved wind field showed that the low level of PM2.5 concentration rose rapidly during two periods, accompanied by persistent southerly or easterly winds. During the pollution process, the inversion structure was obvious, and the rapid development of two pollution stages occured in the two periods of the strongest inversion. In this polluted weather process, the depolarization ratio of lidar was less than 0.25, reflecting that the pollution was mainly caused by human activities. In the early stage, primary particulate matter was the main pollutant, and in the later stage, secondary transformed particulate matter was the main. The depolarization ratio showed obvious daily change in the early stage of pollution process, and the depolarization ratio was higher in daytime than at night.
引文
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[23]邱金桓,孙金辉.沙尘暴的光学遥感及分析[J].大气科学,1994,18(1):1-10.Qiu J H,Sun J H.Optically remote sensing of the dust storm and result analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1994,18(1):1-10.
[24]花丛,刘超,张恒德.风廓线雷达资料在北京秋季雾霾天气过程分析中的应用[J].气象科技,2017,45(5):870-875.Hua C,Liu C,Zhang H D.Application of wind profile radar in analyzing autumn fog and haze process in Beijing[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,2017,45(5):870-875.
[25]李菲,吴兑,谭浩波,等.广州地区旱季一次典型灰霾过程的特征及成因分析[J].热带气象学报,2012,28(1):113-122.Li F,Wu D,Tan H B,et al.The characteristics and causes analysis of a typical haze process during the dry season over Guangzhou area:a case study[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2012,28(1):113-122.
[26]江琪,孙业乐,王自发,等.应用颗粒物化学组分监测仪(ACSM)实时在线测定致霾细粒子无机和有机组分[J].科学通报,2013,58(36):3818-3828.Jiang Q,Sun Y L,Wang Z F,et al.Real-time online measurements of the inorganic and organic composition of haze fine particles with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor(ACSM).[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(36):3818-3828.
[27]斯塔尔.边界层气象学导论[M].北京:气象出版社,1991.Stull R.Introduction to boundary layer meteorology[M].Beijing:China Meterological Press,1991.
[28]Menut L,Flamant C,Pelon J,et al.Urban boundary-layer height determination from lidar measurements over the Paris area[J].Appl.Opt.,1999,38:945-954.
[29]李二杰,刘晓慧,李洋,等.一次重污染过程及其边界层气象特征量分析[J].干旱气象,2015,33(5):856-860.Li E J,Liu X H,Li Y,et al.Analysis of boundary layer meteorology characteristic parameters during a continuous heavy pollution event[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2015,33(5):856-860.
[30]邓涛,吴兑,邓雪娇,等.一次严重灰霾过程的气溶胶光学特性垂直分布[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(11):1921-1928.Deng T,Wu D,Deng X J,et al.The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties in a severe haze event.[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(11):1921-1928.
[2]Sun Y,Song T,Tang G,et al.The vertical distribution of PM2.5 and boundary-layer structure during summer haze in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,74(2):413-421.
[3]Wang L,Zhang N,Liu Z,et al.The influence of climate factors,meteorological conditions,and boundary-layer structure on severe haze pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region during January2013[J].Advances in Meteorology,2015,2014(7):1-14.
[4]Wang Z,Cao X,Zhang L,et al.Lidar measurement of planetary boundary layer height and comparison with microwave profiling radiometer observation[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,2012,5(8):1965-1972.
[5]Jiang Q,Sun Y L,Wang Z,et al.Aerosol composition and sources during the Chinese Spring Festival:fireworks,secondary aerosol,and holiday effects[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2014,14(14):20617-20646.
[6]Sun Y,Jiang Q,Wang Z,et al.Investigation of the sources and evolution processes of severe haze pollution in Beijing in January2013[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2014,119(7):4380-4398.
[7]江琪,王飞,张恒德,等.2013~2015年北京市PM2.5、反应性气体和气溶胶粒径的特性分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(10):3647-3657.Jiang Q,Wang F,Zhang H D,et al.The characteristics of PM2.5、Reactive gas and aerosol Size Distributions of Beijing from 2013 to2015[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(10):3647-3657.
[8]杨志文,元洁,吴琳,等.2015年2月天津市大气颗粒物数浓度变化及其与气象条件的关系[J].环境工程学报,2017,11(7):4125-4132.Yang Z W,Yuan J,Wu L,et al.Characteristics of particle number concentration during February in 2015 in Tianjin and their relationship with meteorological conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2017,11(7):4125-4132.
[9]Guinot B,Roger J C,Cachier H,et al.Impact of vertical atmospheric structure on Beijing aerosol distribution[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(27):5167-5180.
[10]王跃,王莉莉,赵广娜,等.北京冬季PM2.5重污染时段不同尺度环流形势及边界层结构分析[J].气候与环境研究,2014,19(2):173-184.Wang Y,Wang L L,Zhao G N,et al.Analysis of different-scales circulation patterns and boundary layer structure of PM2.5 heavy pollutions in beijing during winter[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2014,19(2):173-184.
[11]周焱博,竺夏英,潘月鹏,等.城市近地层气态污染物的垂直分布特征[J].环境化学,2017,36(8):1752-1759.Zhou Y B,Zhu X Y,Pan Y P,et al.Vertical distribution of gaseous pollutants in the lower atmospheric boundary layer in urban Beijing[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(8):1752-1759.
[12]秦纪洪,王琴,孙辉.川西亚高山-高山土壤表层有机碳及活性组分沿海拔梯度的变化[J].生态学报,2013,33(18):5858-5864.Qin J H,Wang Q,Sun H.Changes of organic carbon and its labile fractions in topsoil with altitude in subalpine-alpine area of southwestern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(18):5858-5864.
[13]Cohn S A,Mayor S D,Grund C J,et al.The lidars in flat terrain(LIFT)experiment[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2010,79(7):1329-1343.
[14]Steyn D G,Bottenheim J W,Thomson R B.Overview of tropospheric ozone in the lower Fraser Valley,and the Pacific'93field study[J].Atmospheric Environment,1997,31(14):2025-2035.
[15]Cohn S A,Angevine W M.Boundary layer height and entrainment zone thickness measured by lidars and wind-profiling radars[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2000,39(8):1233-1247.
[16]胡明宝,李妙英.风廓线雷达的发展与现状[J].气象科学,2010,30(5):724-729.Hu M B,Li M Y.The development and technologic status of wind profiling radar[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,2010,30(5):724-729.
[17]廖晓农,张小玲,王迎春,等.北京地区冬夏季持续性雾-霾发生的环境气象条件对比分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2031-2044.Liao X N,Zhang X L,Wang Y C,et al.Comparative analysis on meteorological condition for persistent haze cases in summer and winter in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(6):2031-2044.
[18]董保举,付志嘉,李明,等.风廓线雷达资料在暴雨天气过程特征分析中的应用[J].气象科技,2012,40(1):74-78.Dong B J,Fu Z J,Li M,et al.Feature analysis of a rain storm with wind profile radar data[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,2012,40(1):74-78.
[19]魏浩,胡明宝,艾未华.小波变换在风廓线雷达探测大气边界层高度中的应用研究[J].热带气象学报,2015,31(6):811-820.Wei H,Hu M B,Ai W H.The detection of the atmospheric boundary later height using wind profiler in wavelet transform method[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2015,31(6):811-820.
[20]祝薇,李浩文,王宝民,等.多遥感设备联用在区域空气质量变化与边界层结构关系研究中的应用[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(5):1689-1698.Zhu W,Li H W,Wang B M,et al.Joint application of multiple remote sensing equipment on the study of the relationship between regional air quality change and boundary layer structure[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(5):1689-1698.
[21]刘诚,明海,王沛,等.西藏那曲与北京郊区对流层气溶胶的微脉冲激光雷达测量[J].光子学报,2006,35(9):1435-1439.Liu C,Ming H,Wang P,et al.Measurements of the aerosol over naqu of tibet and suburb of Beijing by micro pulse lidar(MPL)[J].Acta Photonica Sinica,2006,35(9):1435-1439.
[22]贺千山,毛节泰.北京城市大气混合层与气溶胶垂直分布观测研究[J].气象学报,2005,63(3):374-384.He Q S,Mao J T.Observation of urban mixed layer at Beijing using a micro pulse lidar[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2005,63(3):374-384.
[23]邱金桓,孙金辉.沙尘暴的光学遥感及分析[J].大气科学,1994,18(1):1-10.Qiu J H,Sun J H.Optically remote sensing of the dust storm and result analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1994,18(1):1-10.
[24]花丛,刘超,张恒德.风廓线雷达资料在北京秋季雾霾天气过程分析中的应用[J].气象科技,2017,45(5):870-875.Hua C,Liu C,Zhang H D.Application of wind profile radar in analyzing autumn fog and haze process in Beijing[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,2017,45(5):870-875.
[25]李菲,吴兑,谭浩波,等.广州地区旱季一次典型灰霾过程的特征及成因分析[J].热带气象学报,2012,28(1):113-122.Li F,Wu D,Tan H B,et al.The characteristics and causes analysis of a typical haze process during the dry season over Guangzhou area:a case study[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2012,28(1):113-122.
[26]江琪,孙业乐,王自发,等.应用颗粒物化学组分监测仪(ACSM)实时在线测定致霾细粒子无机和有机组分[J].科学通报,2013,58(36):3818-3828.Jiang Q,Sun Y L,Wang Z F,et al.Real-time online measurements of the inorganic and organic composition of haze fine particles with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor(ACSM).[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(36):3818-3828.
[27]斯塔尔.边界层气象学导论[M].北京:气象出版社,1991.Stull R.Introduction to boundary layer meteorology[M].Beijing:China Meterological Press,1991.
[28]Menut L,Flamant C,Pelon J,et al.Urban boundary-layer height determination from lidar measurements over the Paris area[J].Appl.Opt.,1999,38:945-954.
[29]李二杰,刘晓慧,李洋,等.一次重污染过程及其边界层气象特征量分析[J].干旱气象,2015,33(5):856-860.Li E J,Liu X H,Li Y,et al.Analysis of boundary layer meteorology characteristic parameters during a continuous heavy pollution event[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2015,33(5):856-860.
[30]邓涛,吴兑,邓雪娇,等.一次严重灰霾过程的气溶胶光学特性垂直分布[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(11):1921-1928.Deng T,Wu D,Deng X J,et al.The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties in a severe haze event.[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(11):1921-1928.