区分适应性自恋和非适应性自恋:多视角的证据
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摘要
近40年来,正常人的自恋得到了越来越多的关注。日益增加的证据显示正常人的自恋可以按照适应功能进一步区分为适应性自恋和非适应性自恋两类。本文对揭示两类自恋差异的证据进行了全面梳理,包括二者的成分构成、适应功能、人格基础、发展规律和遗传基础。这些结果促进了对自恋复杂性的认识,加深了对现有研究的理解,同时也突出了未来区分二者的重要性。将来需要从理论上进一步澄清二者的差异,编制相应的量表,探讨二者在其它方面的不同,特别是二者是否具有不同的神经基础。
Recently, researchers have proposed to distinguish between adaptive narcissism and maladaptive narcissism. We reviewed the existing evidence that support this distinction, showing that two kinds of narcissism differ from each other in 1) constitutive components; 2) associations with intrapersonal and interpersonal adaptions; 3) personality nomologic networks; 4) developmental trajectories; 5) genetic and environmental bases. Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism may help us better understand the complexity of narcissism as well as narcissists on one hand; on the other hand, improve future research and intervention practice.
Recently, researchers have proposed to distinguish between adaptive narcissism and maladaptive narcissism. We reviewed the existing evidence that support this distinction, showing that two kinds of narcissism differ from each other in 1) constitutive components; 2) associations with intrapersonal and interpersonal adaptions; 3) personality nomologic networks; 4) developmental trajectories; 5) genetic and environmental bases. Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism may help us better understand the complexity of narcissism as well as narcissists on one hand; on the other hand, improve future research and intervention practice.
引文
何宁,朱云莉.(2016).自爱与他爱:自恋,共情与内隐利他的关系.心理学报,48(2),199-210.
Ackerman,R.A.,Witt,E.A.,Donnellan,M.B.,Trzesniewski,K.H.,Robins,R.W.,&Kashy,D.A.(2011).What does the narcissistic personality inventory really measure?Assessment,18(1),67-87.
Back,M.D.,Küfner,A.C.P.,Dufner,M.,Gerlach,T.M.,Rauthmann,J.F.,&Denissen,J.J.A.(2013).Narcissistic admiration and rivalry:Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,105(6),1013-1037.
Barry,C.T.,Frick,P.J.,Adler,K.K.,&Grafeman,S.J.(2007).The predictive utility of narcissism among children and adolescents:Evidence for a distinction between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism.Journal of Child&Family Studies,16(4),508-521.
Barry,C.T.,Frick,P.J.,&Killian,A.L.(2003).The relation of narcissism and self-esteem to conduct problems in children:A preliminary investigation.Journal of Clinical Child&Adolescent Psychology,32(1),139-152.
Brown,R.P.,Budzek,K.,&Tamborski,M.(2009).On the meaning and measure of narcissism.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,35(7),951-964.
Cai,H.J.,Kwan,V.S.Y.,&Sedikides,C.(2012).ASociocultural Approach to Narcissism:The Case of Modern China.European Journal of Personality,26(5),529-535.
Cai,H.J.,&Luo,Y.L.L.(in press).Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism.In A.D.Hermann,A.Brunell,&J.Foster(Eds.),The handbook of trait narcissism:Key advances,research methods,and controversies.New York,NY:Springer Publishing Company.
Cai,H.J.,Shi,Y.Y.,Fang,X.,&Luo,Y.L.L.(2015).Narcissism predicts impulsive buying:Phenotypic and genetic evidence.Frontiers in Psychology,6,881.
Chester,D.S.,Lynam,D.R.,Powell,D.K.,&DeWall,C.N.(2016).Narcissism is associated with weakened frontostriatal connectivity:A DTI study.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,11(7),1036-1040.
Corry,N.,Merritt,R.D.,Mrug,S.,&Pamp,B.(2008).The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.Journal of Personality Assessment,90(6),593-600.
Costa,P.T.,&MacCrae,R.R.(1992).Revised NEOpersonality inventory(NEO PI-R)and NEO five-factor inventory(NEO-FFI):Professional manual.Psychological Assessment Resources,Incorporated.
Davis,M.H.(1980).A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,10,85.
del Rosario,P.M.,&White,R.M.(2005).The Narcissistic Personality Inventory:Test-retest stability and internal consistency.Personality and Individual Differences,39(6),1075-1081.
Edelstein,R.S.,Newton,N.J.,&Stewart,A.J.(2012).Narcissism in midlife:Longitudinal changes in and correlates of women's narcissistic personality traits.Journal of Personality,80(5),1179-1204.
Emmons,R.A.(1984).Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.Journal of Personality Assessment,48(3),291-300.
Emmons,R.A.(1987).Narcissism:theory and measurement.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,52(1),11-17.
Fan,Y.,Wonneberger,C.,Enzi,B.,De,G.M.,Ulrich,C.,Tempelmann,C.,...Northoff,G.(2011).The narcissistic self and its psychological and neural correlates:An exploratory fMRI study.Psychological Medicine,41(8),1641-1650.
Foster,J.D.,Campbell,W.K.,&Twenge,J.M.(2003).Individual differences in narcissism:Inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the world.Journal of Research in Personality,37(6),469-486.
Freud,S.(1914).On Narcissism:An Introduction.
Gebauer,J.E.,Sedikides,C.,Verplanken,B.,&Maio,G.R.(2012).Communal narcissism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,103(5),854-878.
Hepper,E.G.,Hart,C.M.,Meek,R.,Cisek,S.,&Sedikides,C.(2014).Narcissism and empathy in young offenders and non-offenders.European Journal of Personality,28(2),201-210.
Hill,P.L.,&Roberts,B.W.(2012).Narcissism,Well-being,and observer-rated personality across the lifespan.Social Psychological&Personality Science,3(2),216-223.
Krizan,Z.,&Johar,O.(2015).Narcissistic rage revisited.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,108(5),784-801.
Kubarych,T.S.,Deary,I.J.,&Austin,E.J.(2004).The Narcissistic Personality Inventory:Factor structure in a non-clinical sample.Personality&Individual Differences,36(4),857-872.
Lambe,S.,Hamilton-Giachritsis,C.,Garner,E.,&Walker,J.(2016).The role of narcissism in aggression and violence:A systematic review.Trauma,Violence,&Abuse,19(2),209-230.
Lasch,C.(1979).The culture of narcissism.New York:Norton.
Luo,Y.L.L.,Cai,H.J.,Sedikides,C.,&Song,H.R.(2014).Distinguishing communal narcissism from agentic narcissism:A behavior genetics analysis on the agencycommunion model of narcissism.Journal of Research in Personality,49(1),52-58.
Martinez,M.A.,Zeichner,A.,Reidy,D.E.,&Miller,J.D.(2008).Narcissism and displaced aggression:Effects of positive,negative,and delayed feedback.Personality&Individual Differences,44(1),140-149.
Miller,J.D.,&Maples,J.(2012).Trait personality models of narcissistic personality disorder,grandiose narcissism,and vulnerable narcissism.In W.K.Campbell,J.D.Miller(Eds.),The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder(pp.71-88),John Wiley&Sons,Inc.
Moeller,S.J.,Crocker,J.,&Bushman,B.J.(2009).Creating hostility and conflict:Effects of entitlement and self-image goals.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(2),448-452.
Morf,C.C.,&Rhodewalt,F.(2001).Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism:A dynamic self-regulatory processing model.Psychological Inquiry,12(4),177-196.
Morf,C.C.,Horvath,S.,&Torchetti,L.(2011).Narcissistic self-enhancement:Tales of(successful?)self-portrayal.In M.D.Alicke&C.Sedikides(Eds.),Handbook of selfenhancement and self-protection(pp.399-424).New York,NY:Guilford.
Park,S.W.,&Colvin,C.R.(2015).Narcissism and other‐derogation in the absence of ego threat.Journal of Personality,83(3),334-345.
Raskin,R.N.,&Hall,C.S.(1979).A narcissistic personality inventory.Psychological Reports,45(2),590-590.
Raskin,R.,&Terry,H.(1988).A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,54(5),890-902.
Rasmussen,K.(2016).Entitled vengeance:A meta-analysis relating narcissism to provoked aggression.Aggressive Behavior,42(4),362-379.
Reidy,D.E.,Zeichner,A.,Foster,J.D.,&Martinez,M.A.(2008).Effects of narcissistic entitlement and exploitativeness on human physical aggression.Personality&Individual Differences,44(4),865-875.
Rhodewalt,F.,&Morf,C.C.(1995).Self and interpersonal correlates of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory:Areview and new findings.Journal of Research in Personality,29(1),1-23.
Roche,M.J.,Pincus,A.L.,Lukowitsky,M.R.,Ménard,K.S.,&Conroy,D.E.(2013).An integrative approach to the assessment of narcissism.Journal of Personality Assessment,95(3),237-248.
Rose,P.(2007).Mediators of the association between narcissism and compulsive buying:The roles of materialism and impulse control.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors,21(4),576-581.
Thomaes,S.,Brummelman,E.,&Sedikides,C.(2016).Narcissism:A social-developmental perspective.In V.Zeigler-Hill&T.Shackelford(Eds.),The SAGE handbook of personality and individual differences(pp.1-40).New York,NY:Sage.
Twenge,J.M.,Konrath,S.,Foster,J.D.,Campbell,W.K.,&Bushman,B.J.(2008).Egos inflating over time:A crosstemporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.Journal of Personality,76(4),875-902.
Vernon,P.A.,Villani,V.C.,Vickers,L.C.,&Harris,J.A.(2008).A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5.Personality&Individual Differences,44(2),445-452.
Washburn,J.J.,McMahon,S.D.,King,C.A.,Reinecke,M.A.,&Silver,C.(2004).Narcissistic features in young adolescents:Relations to aggression and internalizing symptoms.Journal of Youth&Adolescence,33(3),247-260.
Watson,P.J.,&Biderman,M.D.(1993).Narcissistic personality inventory factors,splitting,and self-consciousness.Journal of Personality Assessment,61(1),41-57.
Watson,P.J.,Grisham,S.O.,Trotter,M.V.,&Biderman,M.D.(1984).Narcissism and empathy:Validity evidence for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.Journal of Personality Assessment,48(3),301-305.
Watson,P.J.,&Morris,R.J.(1991).Narcissism,empathy and social desirability.Personality&Individual Differences,12(6),575-579.
Wink,P.(1991).Two faces of narcissism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,61(4),590-597.
1如果没有特别说明,下文中提到的适应性自恋和非适应性自恋都是以此为基础。
Ackerman,R.A.,Witt,E.A.,Donnellan,M.B.,Trzesniewski,K.H.,Robins,R.W.,&Kashy,D.A.(2011).What does the narcissistic personality inventory really measure?Assessment,18(1),67-87.
Back,M.D.,Küfner,A.C.P.,Dufner,M.,Gerlach,T.M.,Rauthmann,J.F.,&Denissen,J.J.A.(2013).Narcissistic admiration and rivalry:Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,105(6),1013-1037.
Barry,C.T.,Frick,P.J.,Adler,K.K.,&Grafeman,S.J.(2007).The predictive utility of narcissism among children and adolescents:Evidence for a distinction between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism.Journal of Child&Family Studies,16(4),508-521.
Barry,C.T.,Frick,P.J.,&Killian,A.L.(2003).The relation of narcissism and self-esteem to conduct problems in children:A preliminary investigation.Journal of Clinical Child&Adolescent Psychology,32(1),139-152.
Brown,R.P.,Budzek,K.,&Tamborski,M.(2009).On the meaning and measure of narcissism.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,35(7),951-964.
Cai,H.J.,Kwan,V.S.Y.,&Sedikides,C.(2012).ASociocultural Approach to Narcissism:The Case of Modern China.European Journal of Personality,26(5),529-535.
Cai,H.J.,&Luo,Y.L.L.(in press).Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism.In A.D.Hermann,A.Brunell,&J.Foster(Eds.),The handbook of trait narcissism:Key advances,research methods,and controversies.New York,NY:Springer Publishing Company.
Cai,H.J.,Shi,Y.Y.,Fang,X.,&Luo,Y.L.L.(2015).Narcissism predicts impulsive buying:Phenotypic and genetic evidence.Frontiers in Psychology,6,881.
Chester,D.S.,Lynam,D.R.,Powell,D.K.,&DeWall,C.N.(2016).Narcissism is associated with weakened frontostriatal connectivity:A DTI study.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,11(7),1036-1040.
Corry,N.,Merritt,R.D.,Mrug,S.,&Pamp,B.(2008).The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.Journal of Personality Assessment,90(6),593-600.
Costa,P.T.,&MacCrae,R.R.(1992).Revised NEOpersonality inventory(NEO PI-R)and NEO five-factor inventory(NEO-FFI):Professional manual.Psychological Assessment Resources,Incorporated.
Davis,M.H.(1980).A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,10,85.
del Rosario,P.M.,&White,R.M.(2005).The Narcissistic Personality Inventory:Test-retest stability and internal consistency.Personality and Individual Differences,39(6),1075-1081.
Edelstein,R.S.,Newton,N.J.,&Stewart,A.J.(2012).Narcissism in midlife:Longitudinal changes in and correlates of women's narcissistic personality traits.Journal of Personality,80(5),1179-1204.
Emmons,R.A.(1984).Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.Journal of Personality Assessment,48(3),291-300.
Emmons,R.A.(1987).Narcissism:theory and measurement.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,52(1),11-17.
Fan,Y.,Wonneberger,C.,Enzi,B.,De,G.M.,Ulrich,C.,Tempelmann,C.,...Northoff,G.(2011).The narcissistic self and its psychological and neural correlates:An exploratory fMRI study.Psychological Medicine,41(8),1641-1650.
Foster,J.D.,Campbell,W.K.,&Twenge,J.M.(2003).Individual differences in narcissism:Inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the world.Journal of Research in Personality,37(6),469-486.
Freud,S.(1914).On Narcissism:An Introduction.
Gebauer,J.E.,Sedikides,C.,Verplanken,B.,&Maio,G.R.(2012).Communal narcissism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,103(5),854-878.
Hepper,E.G.,Hart,C.M.,Meek,R.,Cisek,S.,&Sedikides,C.(2014).Narcissism and empathy in young offenders and non-offenders.European Journal of Personality,28(2),201-210.
Hill,P.L.,&Roberts,B.W.(2012).Narcissism,Well-being,and observer-rated personality across the lifespan.Social Psychological&Personality Science,3(2),216-223.
Krizan,Z.,&Johar,O.(2015).Narcissistic rage revisited.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,108(5),784-801.
Kubarych,T.S.,Deary,I.J.,&Austin,E.J.(2004).The Narcissistic Personality Inventory:Factor structure in a non-clinical sample.Personality&Individual Differences,36(4),857-872.
Lambe,S.,Hamilton-Giachritsis,C.,Garner,E.,&Walker,J.(2016).The role of narcissism in aggression and violence:A systematic review.Trauma,Violence,&Abuse,19(2),209-230.
Lasch,C.(1979).The culture of narcissism.New York:Norton.
Luo,Y.L.L.,Cai,H.J.,Sedikides,C.,&Song,H.R.(2014).Distinguishing communal narcissism from agentic narcissism:A behavior genetics analysis on the agencycommunion model of narcissism.Journal of Research in Personality,49(1),52-58.
Martinez,M.A.,Zeichner,A.,Reidy,D.E.,&Miller,J.D.(2008).Narcissism and displaced aggression:Effects of positive,negative,and delayed feedback.Personality&Individual Differences,44(1),140-149.
Miller,J.D.,&Maples,J.(2012).Trait personality models of narcissistic personality disorder,grandiose narcissism,and vulnerable narcissism.In W.K.Campbell,J.D.Miller(Eds.),The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder(pp.71-88),John Wiley&Sons,Inc.
Moeller,S.J.,Crocker,J.,&Bushman,B.J.(2009).Creating hostility and conflict:Effects of entitlement and self-image goals.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(2),448-452.
Morf,C.C.,&Rhodewalt,F.(2001).Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism:A dynamic self-regulatory processing model.Psychological Inquiry,12(4),177-196.
Morf,C.C.,Horvath,S.,&Torchetti,L.(2011).Narcissistic self-enhancement:Tales of(successful?)self-portrayal.In M.D.Alicke&C.Sedikides(Eds.),Handbook of selfenhancement and self-protection(pp.399-424).New York,NY:Guilford.
Park,S.W.,&Colvin,C.R.(2015).Narcissism and other‐derogation in the absence of ego threat.Journal of Personality,83(3),334-345.
Raskin,R.N.,&Hall,C.S.(1979).A narcissistic personality inventory.Psychological Reports,45(2),590-590.
Raskin,R.,&Terry,H.(1988).A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,54(5),890-902.
Rasmussen,K.(2016).Entitled vengeance:A meta-analysis relating narcissism to provoked aggression.Aggressive Behavior,42(4),362-379.
Reidy,D.E.,Zeichner,A.,Foster,J.D.,&Martinez,M.A.(2008).Effects of narcissistic entitlement and exploitativeness on human physical aggression.Personality&Individual Differences,44(4),865-875.
Rhodewalt,F.,&Morf,C.C.(1995).Self and interpersonal correlates of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory:Areview and new findings.Journal of Research in Personality,29(1),1-23.
Roche,M.J.,Pincus,A.L.,Lukowitsky,M.R.,Ménard,K.S.,&Conroy,D.E.(2013).An integrative approach to the assessment of narcissism.Journal of Personality Assessment,95(3),237-248.
Rose,P.(2007).Mediators of the association between narcissism and compulsive buying:The roles of materialism and impulse control.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors,21(4),576-581.
Thomaes,S.,Brummelman,E.,&Sedikides,C.(2016).Narcissism:A social-developmental perspective.In V.Zeigler-Hill&T.Shackelford(Eds.),The SAGE handbook of personality and individual differences(pp.1-40).New York,NY:Sage.
Twenge,J.M.,Konrath,S.,Foster,J.D.,Campbell,W.K.,&Bushman,B.J.(2008).Egos inflating over time:A crosstemporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.Journal of Personality,76(4),875-902.
Vernon,P.A.,Villani,V.C.,Vickers,L.C.,&Harris,J.A.(2008).A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5.Personality&Individual Differences,44(2),445-452.
Washburn,J.J.,McMahon,S.D.,King,C.A.,Reinecke,M.A.,&Silver,C.(2004).Narcissistic features in young adolescents:Relations to aggression and internalizing symptoms.Journal of Youth&Adolescence,33(3),247-260.
Watson,P.J.,&Biderman,M.D.(1993).Narcissistic personality inventory factors,splitting,and self-consciousness.Journal of Personality Assessment,61(1),41-57.
Watson,P.J.,Grisham,S.O.,Trotter,M.V.,&Biderman,M.D.(1984).Narcissism and empathy:Validity evidence for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.Journal of Personality Assessment,48(3),301-305.
Watson,P.J.,&Morris,R.J.(1991).Narcissism,empathy and social desirability.Personality&Individual Differences,12(6),575-579.
Wink,P.(1991).Two faces of narcissism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,61(4),590-597.
1如果没有特别说明,下文中提到的适应性自恋和非适应性自恋都是以此为基础。