超强与普通厄尔尼诺海-气特征差异及对西太平洋副热带高压的不同影响
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摘要
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、GODAS海洋资料、哈得来中心海表温度(SST)以及中国国家气候中心(NCC)环流指数数据,依据美国气候预测中心的厄尔尼诺事件标准筛选出1980—2016年的超强与普通厄尔尼诺事件,对比了两类事件的不同生命阶段内海表及次表层温度特征的差异,并探讨了其对西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)的不同影响。结果表明,对超强厄尔尼诺事件而言,海表温度正距平发展早且迅速,其大值中心偏东,纬向梯度强,但对普通厄尔尼诺事件而言,海表温度正距平中心偏西,纬向梯度小。厄尔尼诺事件的发展源于次表层海温距平(SOTA)随开尔文波东传并沿温跃层上升到达海表,其波动前部区域异常垂直海流对次表层海温距平的变化起重要作用;当海气激烈耦合时,可在温跃层激发出更强的海洋波动,使得次表层变暖更明显,激发出强的厄尔尼诺事件。海温异常强迫出的大气异常环流的强度与强迫源的强度关系密切。两类厄尔尼诺均能通过异常的沃克环流引起大气Gill型响应,使得西太副高偏强、西伸,且当超强厄尔尼诺发生时,异常沃克环流更强,海洋性大陆区域上空的异常强辐散导致Gill型响应而产生的反气旋更强,对西太副高的影响更甚。印度洋海表温度对厄尔尼诺的滞后变暖所带来的影响在上述亚太大气环流的持续异常中起重要作用。这些结果有利于加深对不同类型厄尔尼诺事件及影响西太副高机理的认识。
Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis,the GODAS ocean data and the Hadley sea surface temperature(SST)and National Climate Center(NCC)circulation indices data,the super and regular El Nio events are investigated with focus on the features of sea surface and subsurface layers as well as their possible impacts on the West Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH).It is demonstrated that for super El Nio events,positive sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA)appear relatively earlier and develop faster with a stronger zonal gradient of SSTA.The maximum of positive SSTA is located in Nino3 region.However,for regular El Nio events,positive SSTA are located more westward and the zonal gradient of SSTA is weaker.During the El Nio episodes,the subsurface ocean temperature anomalies(SOTA)propagate eastward with Kelvin waves and reach up to the sea surface along the thermocline.The vertical currents in front of Kelvin waves play an important role in the change of SOTA.Stronger oceanic waves can be excited in the thermocline when air-sea couples more intensively,which are favorable for higher SOTA and thus possibly induce a super El Nio event.In both types of El Nio events,abnormal anticyclonic circulations are generated over the western Pacific and South China Sea due to the Gill-type responses.As the intensity of the anomalous atmospheric circulation forced by SSTA is closely related to the intensity of forcing sources,the WPSH is stronger in super El Nio cases than in regular ones.Besides,the lagged warming of SST in the Indian Ocean in response to El Nio is favorable for the persistence of atmospheric circulation anomalies in the Asian-Pacific region.These results are helpful for better understanding the features of different types of El Nio events and their impacts on the WPSH.
Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis,the GODAS ocean data and the Hadley sea surface temperature(SST)and National Climate Center(NCC)circulation indices data,the super and regular El Nio events are investigated with focus on the features of sea surface and subsurface layers as well as their possible impacts on the West Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH).It is demonstrated that for super El Nio events,positive sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA)appear relatively earlier and develop faster with a stronger zonal gradient of SSTA.The maximum of positive SSTA is located in Nino3 region.However,for regular El Nio events,positive SSTA are located more westward and the zonal gradient of SSTA is weaker.During the El Nio episodes,the subsurface ocean temperature anomalies(SOTA)propagate eastward with Kelvin waves and reach up to the sea surface along the thermocline.The vertical currents in front of Kelvin waves play an important role in the change of SOTA.Stronger oceanic waves can be excited in the thermocline when air-sea couples more intensively,which are favorable for higher SOTA and thus possibly induce a super El Nio event.In both types of El Nio events,abnormal anticyclonic circulations are generated over the western Pacific and South China Sea due to the Gill-type responses.As the intensity of the anomalous atmospheric circulation forced by SSTA is closely related to the intensity of forcing sources,the WPSH is stronger in super El Nio cases than in regular ones.Besides,the lagged warming of SST in the Indian Ocean in response to El Nio is favorable for the persistence of atmospheric circulation anomalies in the Asian-Pacific region.These results are helpful for better understanding the features of different types of El Nio events and their impacts on the WPSH.
引文
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陈蔚,管兆勇.2016.2015/2016年超强El Ni珘no在成熟/衰减阶段对澳洲夏季风环流与降水异常的影响.大气科学学报,39(6):801-812.Chen W,Guan Z Y.2016.Impacts of the super El Ni珘no event in 2015/2016on Australian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation anomalies.Trans Atmos Sci,39(6):801-812(in Chinese)
丁一汇.2016.2014-2016年超强El Ni珘no事件的发生发展过程与机理分析.大气科学学报,39(6):722-734.Ding Y H.2016.Analysis of the process and mechanisms of genesis and development for 2014-2016mega El Ni珘no event.Trans Atmos Sci,39(6):722-734(in Chinese)
管兆勇,蔡佳熙,唐卫亚等.2010.长江中下游夏季气温变化型与西太平洋副高活动异常的联系.气象科学,30(5):666-675.Guan Z Y,Cai J X,Tang W Y,et al.2010.Variations of west Pacific subtropical high associated with principal patterns of summertime temperature anomalies in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Sci Meteor Sinica,30(5):666-675(in Chinese)
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李崇银,穆穆,周广庆等.2008.ENSO机理及其预测研究.大气科学,32(4):761-781.Li C Y,Mu M,Zhou G Q,et al.2008.Mechanism and prediction studies of the ENSO.Chinese J Atmos Sci,32(4):761-781(in Chinese)
李清泉,闵庆烨.2016.对话张人禾:2016年上半年中国南方强降水与超强厄尔尼诺.科学通报,61(24):2659-2662.Li Q Q,Min Q Y.2016.A dialogue with Renhe Zhang:The heavy rainfall over southern China in the first half year of 2016and its relation to the 2015/2016super El Ni珘no.Chinese Sci Bull,61(24):2659-2662(in Chinese)
黎鑫,李崇银.2014.两类El Ni珘no的发生与赤道太平洋次表层海温异常.科学通报,59(21):2098-2107.Li X,Li C Y.2014.Occurrence of two types of El Ni珘no events and the subsurface ocean temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific.Chinese Sci Bull,59(27):3471-3483
刘长征,薛峰.2010.不同强度El Ni珘no的衰减过程.Ⅰ:强El Ni珘no的衰减过程.地球物理学报,53(1):39-48.Liu C Z,Xue F.2010.The decay of El Ni珘no with different intensity.PartⅠ:The decay of the strong El Ni珘no.Chinese J Geophys,53(1):39-48(in Chinese)
刘屹岷,洪洁莉,刘超等.2013.淮河梅雨洪涝与西太平洋副热带高压季节推进异常.大气科学,37(2):439-450.Liu Y M,Hong J L,Liu C,et al.2013.Meiyu flooding of Huaihe river valley and anomaly of seasonal variation of subtropical anticyclone over the Western Pacific.Chinese J Atmos Sci,37(2):439-450(in Chinese)
钱代丽,管兆勇,王黎娟.2009.近57a夏季西太平洋副高面积的年代际振荡及其与中国降水的联系.大气科学学报,32(5):677-685.Qian D L,Guan Z Y,Wang L J.2009.Interdecadal variations of west Pacific subtropical high area and changes in summer precipitation over China in boreal summer during the last 57years.Trans Atmos Sci,32(5):677-685(in Chinese)
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(1)http:∥cmdp.ncc-cma.net/cn/download.htm
陈蔚,管兆勇.2016.2015/2016年超强El Ni珘no在成熟/衰减阶段对澳洲夏季风环流与降水异常的影响.大气科学学报,39(6):801-812.Chen W,Guan Z Y.2016.Impacts of the super El Ni珘no event in 2015/2016on Australian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation anomalies.Trans Atmos Sci,39(6):801-812(in Chinese)
丁一汇.2016.2014-2016年超强El Ni珘no事件的发生发展过程与机理分析.大气科学学报,39(6):722-734.Ding Y H.2016.Analysis of the process and mechanisms of genesis and development for 2014-2016mega El Ni珘no event.Trans Atmos Sci,39(6):722-734(in Chinese)
管兆勇,蔡佳熙,唐卫亚等.2010.长江中下游夏季气温变化型与西太平洋副高活动异常的联系.气象科学,30(5):666-675.Guan Z Y,Cai J X,Tang W Y,et al.2010.Variations of west Pacific subtropical high associated with principal patterns of summertime temperature anomalies in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Sci Meteor Sinica,30(5):666-675(in Chinese)
李崇银,胡季.1987.东亚大气环流与埃尔尼诺相互影响的一个分析研究.大气科学,11(4):359-364.Li C Y,Hu J.1987.Astudy on interaction between the East-Asia atmospheric circulation and El Ni珘no.Chinese J Atmos Sci,11(4):359-364(in Chinese)
李崇银,穆穆,周广庆等.2008.ENSO机理及其预测研究.大气科学,32(4):761-781.Li C Y,Mu M,Zhou G Q,et al.2008.Mechanism and prediction studies of the ENSO.Chinese J Atmos Sci,32(4):761-781(in Chinese)
李清泉,闵庆烨.2016.对话张人禾:2016年上半年中国南方强降水与超强厄尔尼诺.科学通报,61(24):2659-2662.Li Q Q,Min Q Y.2016.A dialogue with Renhe Zhang:The heavy rainfall over southern China in the first half year of 2016and its relation to the 2015/2016super El Ni珘no.Chinese Sci Bull,61(24):2659-2662(in Chinese)
黎鑫,李崇银.2014.两类El Ni珘no的发生与赤道太平洋次表层海温异常.科学通报,59(21):2098-2107.Li X,Li C Y.2014.Occurrence of two types of El Ni珘no events and the subsurface ocean temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific.Chinese Sci Bull,59(27):3471-3483
刘长征,薛峰.2010.不同强度El Ni珘no的衰减过程.Ⅰ:强El Ni珘no的衰减过程.地球物理学报,53(1):39-48.Liu C Z,Xue F.2010.The decay of El Ni珘no with different intensity.PartⅠ:The decay of the strong El Ni珘no.Chinese J Geophys,53(1):39-48(in Chinese)
刘屹岷,洪洁莉,刘超等.2013.淮河梅雨洪涝与西太平洋副热带高压季节推进异常.大气科学,37(2):439-450.Liu Y M,Hong J L,Liu C,et al.2013.Meiyu flooding of Huaihe river valley and anomaly of seasonal variation of subtropical anticyclone over the Western Pacific.Chinese J Atmos Sci,37(2):439-450(in Chinese)
钱代丽,管兆勇,王黎娟.2009.近57a夏季西太平洋副高面积的年代际振荡及其与中国降水的联系.大气科学学报,32(5):677-685.Qian D L,Guan Z Y,Wang L J.2009.Interdecadal variations of west Pacific subtropical high area and changes in summer precipitation over China in boreal summer during the last 57years.Trans Atmos Sci,32(5):677-685(in Chinese)
吴国雄,孟文.1998.赤道印度洋-太平洋地区海气系统的齿轮式耦合和ENSO事件:Ⅰ.资料分析.大气科学,22(4):470-480.Wu G X,Meng W.1998.Gearing between the Indo-monsoon circulation and the Pacific-Walker circulation and the ENSO.PartⅠ:Data analyses.Chinese J Atmos Sci,22(4):470-480(in Chinese)
吴国雄,刘平,刘屹岷等.2000.印度洋海温异常对西太平洋副热带高压的影响---大气中的两级热力适应.气象学报,58(5):513-522.Wu G X,Liu P,Liu Y M,et al.2000.Impacts of the sea surface temperature anomaly in the Indian Ocean on the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific:Two-stage thermal adaptation in the atmosphere.Acta Meteor Sinica,58(5):513-522(in Chinese)
徐康,祝从文,何金海.2012.太平洋次表层海温的主要模态与两类ENSO事件之间的关联.科学通报,57(15):1378.Xu K,Zhu C W,He J H.2012.Linkage between the dominant modes in Pacific subsurface ocean temperature and the two type ENSOevents.Chinse Sci Bull,57(26):3491-3496
严邦良,黄荣辉,张人禾.2001.El Ni珘no事件发生和消亡中热带太平洋纬向风应力的动力作用---Ⅱ:模式结果分析.大气科学,25(2):160-172.Yang B L,Huang R H,Zhang R H.2001.Dynamical role of zonal wind stresses over the tropical Pacific in the occurring and vanishing of El Ni珘no.PartⅡ:Analyses of modeling results.Chinese J Atmos Sci,25(2):160-172(in Chinese)
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