基于体验老龄工作坊的共情设计研究
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摘要
目的在老龄化日益加剧的背景下,研究在设计活动中面向老年群体的共情。方法通过在设计课堂组织体验老龄设计工作坊,在工作坊中设置3种不同的共情设计技术刺激,探索设计专业学生的共情能力(即特质共情)与3种不同的共情设计技术对共情反应(即状态共情)、学生对共情工作坊效用的主观反馈以及设计表现的影响。结果在设计情境下,人格特质会影响设计者对共情刺激的反应;在3种不同的共情设计技术中,模拟相较于观察和观察后自我反观对共情效用的主观反馈有更积极的影响;共情特质的差异会影响设计者设计结果的实用性;设计者的共情反应会影响设计者对共情效用的主观反馈。结论为设计研究和设计教学中引入共情设计技术的必要性提供了切实的证据,也为共情设计技术的选择提供了参考,同时根据项目的需求差异,建议设计管理者根据设计师差异化的共情特质匹配设计项目。
In the context of increasing aging,it aims to study the empathy for the elderly in the design activities.The workshop of experiencing aging is organized in which three kinds of empathic design techniques are utilized in three groups of design students with different levels of trait empathy.The participants are asked to experience aging,report their subjective feeling on empathy effect and propose a design solution.The results show that: in the context of design,trait empathy effected the state empathy of the designer; the simulation technique,in comparison to observation,and observation after self-reflection,have more positive effect on the subjective feedback of designers regarding empathy effectiveness; the level of trait empathy effected the practicality of design solution; the empathic response affected the subjective feedback of designers to empathy effect.The study provides the evidence of the necessity to introduce empathic techniques to design education and design practice.Based on this study,we suggest design educators and design project managers pay more attention to choosing suitable empathic design techniques in design projects and matching designers' empathy traits with design projects.
In the context of increasing aging,it aims to study the empathy for the elderly in the design activities.The workshop of experiencing aging is organized in which three kinds of empathic design techniques are utilized in three groups of design students with different levels of trait empathy.The participants are asked to experience aging,report their subjective feeling on empathy effect and propose a design solution.The results show that: in the context of design,trait empathy effected the state empathy of the designer; the simulation technique,in comparison to observation,and observation after self-reflection,have more positive effect on the subjective feedback of designers regarding empathy effectiveness; the level of trait empathy effected the practicality of design solution; the empathic response affected the subjective feedback of designers to empathy effect.The study provides the evidence of the necessity to introduce empathic techniques to design education and design practice.Based on this study,we suggest design educators and design project managers pay more attention to choosing suitable empathic design techniques in design projects and matching designers' empathy traits with design projects.
引文
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[13]BOOK H E.Empathy:Misconceptions and Misuses in Psychotherapy[J].American Journal of Psychiatry,1988,145:420—424.
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[15]BARRETT L G T.Dimensions of Therapy Response as Causal Factors in Therapeutic Change[J].Psychological Monographs,1962,76:1—33.
[16]蔡旻颖.高中生利他偏爱行为的影响因素及纠正策略:特质共情与状态共情的不同作用[D].金华:浙江师范大学,2010.CAI Min-ying.The Effecting Factors and Overcoming Strategies of Partiality for High School Students:Different Functions of Trait Empathy and State Empathy[D].Jinhua:Zhejiang Normal University,2010.
[17]KOUPRIE M,VISSER F S.A Framework for Empathy in Design:Stepping into and Out of the User's Life[J].Journal of Engineering Design,2009,20(5):437—448.
[18]袁姝.共创设计中设计师——用户共情关系研究[D].上海:同济大学,2017.YUAN Shu.The Empathic Relationship between Designers and Users in Co-design Context[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2017.
[19]VISSER F S,KOUPRIE M.Stimulating Empathy in Ideation Workshops[C].Tenth Conference on Participatory Design,PDC 2008,2008.
[2]BROWN T.Change by Design[M].New York:Harper Collins USA,2009.
[3]PATNAIK D,MORTENSEN P.Wired to Care:How Companies Prosper When They Create Widespread Empathy[J].Library Journal,2015,134(4):80.
[4]董玉妹.面向产品服务系统的移情设计研究——以孕期健康服务为例[D].无锡:江南大学,2014.DONG Yu-mei,Empathic Design in PSS:Take Design for Pregnancy Healthcare as an Example[D].Wuxi:Jiangnan University,2014.
[5]KOSKINEN I,BATTARBEE K,MATTELM?KIT,et a1.Empathic Design:User Experience in Product Design[M].Helsinki:IT Press,2003.
[6]REITSMA L,RODGERS A L P A.Empathic Negotiations through Material Culture:Co-designing and Making Digital Exhibits[J].Digital Creativity,2014,25(3):269—274.
[7]VISSER F S,STAPPERS P J.Contextmapping:Experiences from Practice[J].Co Design,2005,1(2):119.
[8]ALTAY B,DEMIRKAN H.Inclusive Design:Developing Students'Knowledge and Attitude through Empathic Modelling[J].International Journal of Inclusive Education,2014,18(2):196—217.
[9]董玉妹,巩淼森.情景剧表演在设计研究中的应用及多重价值[J].包装工程,2017,38(4):112—115.DONG Yu-mei,GONG Miao-sen.Application and Multiple Value of Scenario Acting in Design Research[J].Packaging Engineering,2017,38(4):112—115.
[10]HOGAN R.Development of an Empathy Scale[J].Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,1969,11(33):307—316.
[11]MEHRABIAN A,EPSTEIN N A.A Measure of Emotional Empathy[J].Journal of Personality,1971,40:525—543.
[12]BATSON C D,DUNCAN B D.Is Empathic Emotion a Source of Altruistic Motivation?[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1981,40:290—302.
[13]BOOK H E.Empathy:Misconceptions and Misuses in Psychotherapy[J].American Journal of Psychiatry,1988,145:420—424.
[14]SAWYER F H.A Conceptual Analysis of Empathy[J].Annual of Psychoanalysis,1975(3):31—41.
[15]BARRETT L G T.Dimensions of Therapy Response as Causal Factors in Therapeutic Change[J].Psychological Monographs,1962,76:1—33.
[16]蔡旻颖.高中生利他偏爱行为的影响因素及纠正策略:特质共情与状态共情的不同作用[D].金华:浙江师范大学,2010.CAI Min-ying.The Effecting Factors and Overcoming Strategies of Partiality for High School Students:Different Functions of Trait Empathy and State Empathy[D].Jinhua:Zhejiang Normal University,2010.
[17]KOUPRIE M,VISSER F S.A Framework for Empathy in Design:Stepping into and Out of the User's Life[J].Journal of Engineering Design,2009,20(5):437—448.
[18]袁姝.共创设计中设计师——用户共情关系研究[D].上海:同济大学,2017.YUAN Shu.The Empathic Relationship between Designers and Users in Co-design Context[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2017.
[19]VISSER F S,KOUPRIE M.Stimulating Empathy in Ideation Workshops[C].Tenth Conference on Participatory Design,PDC 2008,2008.