语料库驱动下的英语副词AGAIN语义演变历时研究
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摘要
历时、动态地研究英语副词的语义关联性和复杂性有助于还原该词义产生、扩张和嬗变规律。本研究从牛津英语词典、COHA和MED语料库中提取993-2009年间英语副词again全部语料,采用近邻聚类法统计该词语义聚类的时间节点,共分9个阶段;再随机抽取598个实例,人工统计各语义项在9个时间节点的分布情况,追溯各语义产生、渐变的规律和动因。结果显示,范畴属性、隐喻、转喻、主观化是导致英语副词again语义演变的综合诱因。本研究的发现既验证了词汇语义演变的语法化进程,又彰显了词汇多义性存在的合理性。
A diachronic and dynamic probe into the semantic relations and complexity of English adverbs helps understand how meanings are originated,extended and changed. All the data of English adverb AGAIN are collected from Oxford English Dictionary,COHA and M ED corpora,ranging from the years of 993 to 2009. This paper uses VNC method is used to cluster temporally adjacent data to classify the semantic development of English adverb AGAIN into nine stages.After the semantic distribution and frequency of different meanings of the word at nine stages is manually analyzed with the observation of randomly chosen 598 examples,and the rules and motivation for how different readings are generated and developed are dug out. It is found that semantic changes of the English adverb AGAIN are triggered by such factors as category attributes,metaphor,metonymy and subjectivity. The present study offers an interpretation to lexical grammaticalization and verifies the rational existence of polysemy of words as well.
A diachronic and dynamic probe into the semantic relations and complexity of English adverbs helps understand how meanings are originated,extended and changed. All the data of English adverb AGAIN are collected from Oxford English Dictionary,COHA and M ED corpora,ranging from the years of 993 to 2009. This paper uses VNC method is used to cluster temporally adjacent data to classify the semantic development of English adverb AGAIN into nine stages.After the semantic distribution and frequency of different meanings of the word at nine stages is manually analyzed with the observation of randomly chosen 598 examples,and the rules and motivation for how different readings are generated and developed are dug out. It is found that semantic changes of the English adverb AGAIN are triggered by such factors as category attributes,metaphor,metonymy and subjectivity. The present study offers an interpretation to lexical grammaticalization and verifies the rational existence of polysemy of words as well.
引文
[1]Baker,P.2006.Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis[M].London:Continuum.
[2]Beck,S.2005.There and back again:A semantic analysis[J].Journal of Semantics,(22):3-51.
[3]Beck,S.2006.Focus on again[J].Linguistics and Philosophy,(3):277–314.
[4]Beck,S.,P.Berezovskaya & K.Pflugfelder.2010.The use of again in 19th-century English versus present-day English[J].Syntax,(3),193-214.
[5]Beck,S.& K.Johnson.2004.Double objects again[J].Linguistic Inquiry,(35):97-124.
[6]Dowty,R.1979.Word Meaning and Montague Grammar:The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and Montague's PTQ[M].Dordrecht & Boston:D.Reidel Publishing Company.
[7]Fabricius-Hansen,C.2001.“Wi(e)der” and “again(st)”[A].In Fery,C.& W.Sternefeld (eds.).Audiatur Vox Sapientiae:A Festschrift für Arnim von Stechow[C].Berlin:Akademie Verlag.
[8]Fretheim,T.2001.A relevance-theoretic account of the way we use and understand the English temporal adverb again and its Norwegian counterpart igjen[J].Languages in Contrast,(1):41-94.
[9]Gries,S.& M.Hilpert.2008.The identification of stages in diachronic data:Variability-based neighbor clustering[J].Corpora,(1):59-81.
[10]Gries,S.& S.Stoll.2009.Finding developmental groups in acquisition data:Variability-based neighbor clustering[J].Journal of Quantitative Linguistics,(3):217-242.
[11]Levin,M.& H.Lindquist.2013.Like I said again and again and over and over:On the ADV1 and ADV2 construction with adverbs of direction in English[J].International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,(1):7-33.
[12]Lin,J.& Ch.L.Liu.2009.“Again” and “again”:A grammatical analysis of you and zai in Mandarin Chinese[J].Linguistics,(5):1183-1210.
[13]Lichtenberk,F.1991.Semantic change and heterosemy in grammaticalization[J].Language,(3):475-509.
[14]McCawley,J.1968.The role of semantics in a grammar [A].In Bach,E.& R.Harms (eds.).Universals in Linguistic Theory[C].New York:Holt,Rinhart & Winston.
[15]Moyse-Faurie,C.2012.The concept “return” as a source of different developments in oceanic languages[J].Oceanic Linguistics,(1):234-260.
[16]Rapp,I.& A.Stechow.1999.Fast “almost” and the visibility parameter for functional adverbs[J].Journal of Semantics,(2):149-204.
[17]Stechow,A.1996.The different readings of wieder “again”:A structural account[J].Journal of Semantics,(2):87-138.
[18]W?lchli,B.2006.Typology of heavy and light “again” or the eternal return of the same[J].Studies in Language,(1):69-113.
[19]董秀芳.2017.从动作的重复和持续到程度的增量和强调[J].汉语学习,(4):3-12.
[20]韩琴.2007.论语法化与句法上左轻右重原则的互动——从《A and B语法化研究》谈起[J].天津外国语学院学报,(3):50-56.
[21]文旭曾荣.2018.从范畴动态化角度看词汇化和语法化的关系——以汉语“但是”为例[J].外语教学,(2):7-13.
[22]向明友杨国萍.2018.语法化动因的语用规律阐释[J].外语与外语教学,(6):10-17.
(1)近邻聚类分析法是一种自下而上的对历时语料库中的语料依据邻近年度数据驱动进行聚类组合统计,对词汇或者构式特征的历时演变规律进行分类的一种科学统计法,算法规则参见Gries和Hilpert(2008)。该方法是Gries和Hilpert(2008)和Gries和Stoll(2009)在传统层次聚类分析法基础上提出的一种有效地将历史语言学研究内容和语料库语言学研究方法结合的统计法,对处理和分类时间跨度长、语料繁多的数据,具有较高可信度。该方法即能有效地规避传统分类法在历时研究中遗漏数据的劣势,又能科学理性地合并、分类以时间顺序排列的冗长数据,并找出数据间相似之处,大大降低了处理繁杂数据的难度,为语义动态研究,甚至历时语言学研究提供了全新视角。
(2)本研究共参考4本英语词典:《韦伯斯特在线词典》、《朗文在线词典》、《牛津高阶英语词典(第7版)》和《柯林斯英语学习词典》。
(3)牛津英语词典中990s年代组语料只1条,将其归入1000s中分析。
(4)Tokens指搜索词在该年代出现的字符数,Size则是该年代所有关于搜索词例句的总词数。
[2]Beck,S.2005.There and back again:A semantic analysis[J].Journal of Semantics,(22):3-51.
[3]Beck,S.2006.Focus on again[J].Linguistics and Philosophy,(3):277–314.
[4]Beck,S.,P.Berezovskaya & K.Pflugfelder.2010.The use of again in 19th-century English versus present-day English[J].Syntax,(3),193-214.
[5]Beck,S.& K.Johnson.2004.Double objects again[J].Linguistic Inquiry,(35):97-124.
[6]Dowty,R.1979.Word Meaning and Montague Grammar:The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and Montague's PTQ[M].Dordrecht & Boston:D.Reidel Publishing Company.
[7]Fabricius-Hansen,C.2001.“Wi(e)der” and “again(st)”[A].In Fery,C.& W.Sternefeld (eds.).Audiatur Vox Sapientiae:A Festschrift für Arnim von Stechow[C].Berlin:Akademie Verlag.
[8]Fretheim,T.2001.A relevance-theoretic account of the way we use and understand the English temporal adverb again and its Norwegian counterpart igjen[J].Languages in Contrast,(1):41-94.
[9]Gries,S.& M.Hilpert.2008.The identification of stages in diachronic data:Variability-based neighbor clustering[J].Corpora,(1):59-81.
[10]Gries,S.& S.Stoll.2009.Finding developmental groups in acquisition data:Variability-based neighbor clustering[J].Journal of Quantitative Linguistics,(3):217-242.
[11]Levin,M.& H.Lindquist.2013.Like I said again and again and over and over:On the ADV1 and ADV2 construction with adverbs of direction in English[J].International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,(1):7-33.
[12]Lin,J.& Ch.L.Liu.2009.“Again” and “again”:A grammatical analysis of you and zai in Mandarin Chinese[J].Linguistics,(5):1183-1210.
[13]Lichtenberk,F.1991.Semantic change and heterosemy in grammaticalization[J].Language,(3):475-509.
[14]McCawley,J.1968.The role of semantics in a grammar [A].In Bach,E.& R.Harms (eds.).Universals in Linguistic Theory[C].New York:Holt,Rinhart & Winston.
[15]Moyse-Faurie,C.2012.The concept “return” as a source of different developments in oceanic languages[J].Oceanic Linguistics,(1):234-260.
[16]Rapp,I.& A.Stechow.1999.Fast “almost” and the visibility parameter for functional adverbs[J].Journal of Semantics,(2):149-204.
[17]Stechow,A.1996.The different readings of wieder “again”:A structural account[J].Journal of Semantics,(2):87-138.
[18]W?lchli,B.2006.Typology of heavy and light “again” or the eternal return of the same[J].Studies in Language,(1):69-113.
[19]董秀芳.2017.从动作的重复和持续到程度的增量和强调[J].汉语学习,(4):3-12.
[20]韩琴.2007.论语法化与句法上左轻右重原则的互动——从《A and B语法化研究》谈起[J].天津外国语学院学报,(3):50-56.
[21]文旭曾荣.2018.从范畴动态化角度看词汇化和语法化的关系——以汉语“但是”为例[J].外语教学,(2):7-13.
[22]向明友杨国萍.2018.语法化动因的语用规律阐释[J].外语与外语教学,(6):10-17.
(1)近邻聚类分析法是一种自下而上的对历时语料库中的语料依据邻近年度数据驱动进行聚类组合统计,对词汇或者构式特征的历时演变规律进行分类的一种科学统计法,算法规则参见Gries和Hilpert(2008)。该方法是Gries和Hilpert(2008)和Gries和Stoll(2009)在传统层次聚类分析法基础上提出的一种有效地将历史语言学研究内容和语料库语言学研究方法结合的统计法,对处理和分类时间跨度长、语料繁多的数据,具有较高可信度。该方法即能有效地规避传统分类法在历时研究中遗漏数据的劣势,又能科学理性地合并、分类以时间顺序排列的冗长数据,并找出数据间相似之处,大大降低了处理繁杂数据的难度,为语义动态研究,甚至历时语言学研究提供了全新视角。
(2)本研究共参考4本英语词典:《韦伯斯特在线词典》、《朗文在线词典》、《牛津高阶英语词典(第7版)》和《柯林斯英语学习词典》。
(3)牛津英语词典中990s年代组语料只1条,将其归入1000s中分析。
(4)Tokens指搜索词在该年代出现的字符数,Size则是该年代所有关于搜索词例句的总词数。