中国城市街廓形态特征与相关城市法规作用的关联性研究——以南京市为例
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摘要
城市街廓是城市物质形态的重要组成部分,是由城市主次干路和支路等道路围合而成的用地单元,外接街道网络,内部由地块、建筑、绿化场地、设施等要素构成。这些要素及要素间相互联系形成了街廓本身的属性特征,包括街廓四周道路环境、街廓尺度、用地性质与布局、地块划分数、地块权属边界和地块形状、建筑间距、开放场地尺度、沿街建筑面宽、建筑高度、临街面街道宽度、建筑退让位置等属性特征。城市街廓形态是在特定的地理环境和历史发展阶段中,由不同社会层面塑造的结果,是受到包括社会的、经济的、政治的、历史的、环境的综合影响的产物,尤其来自于内外部经济发展的动力和城市法规的控制,其形态特征主要包括城市街廓平面、街廓内地块建筑群体组合和街廓界面等三个尺度层级的形态特征。城市街廓形态的形成与发展中,经济、历史、文化等因素对于城市的影响是自发的、不以人们意志为转移的,而法规导向则是人们可以直接操纵城市建设的主要因素。法规控制在城市街廓形态生成与发展中具有很深的关联性,相关城市法规与城市街廓形态特征之间的关联点主要在于"街廓本身属性的变化",相关城市规划与建设法规、规章、技术规定及行业规范等规定,以规划为手段,通过控制土地开发强度与建筑位置等来解决通风采光、防火防震、交通拥挤等城市功能问题的同时,导致街廓属性特征的变化,进而关联街廓形态特征发生变化,关联影响了城市街廓形态的平面用地布局类型与地块划分复杂形式、空间轮廓、建筑群体空间组织秩序和布局疏密度、街廓建筑界面的连续性与围合感等形态特征的变化,最终影响了城市环境质量。1980年代以来,伴随着城市化快速发展,人类面临着颇为迫切的城市难题就是缺乏具有特色的、密集化的、适居的城市环境。传统城市被提出作为复兴的形态秩序而不是功能模式的同时,关于城市拥挤、公共空间缺乏、种族人口分离及土地功能分离、现代郊区反复蔓延、城市空间组织无序及缺乏人情味的超尺度街道空间等城市环境质量欠佳的主要问题被讨论,城市设计对于创造以人为本的城市环境尤为重要。如何使城市设计回归其根本?强调城市公共空间和城市形态的创造?如何管控城市空间形态与建好城市来提高城市环境质量成为人们的热点关注及专家学者们的研究难题。在关于从传统分区到基于形态发展的辩论研究中认为:问题主要归因于以功能分离和汽车交通为主的规划和传统分区制的呆板使用,或许可通过建立一套基于形态设计准则的规划和城市设计方法来补救或阻止城市环境塑造的难题,通过法规控制为城市多样性和秩序之间的平衡关系提供设计工具。在全球城市化进程中,为了防止城市开发建设失控,中国同样面临着如何有效管理和控制城市形态、合理开发建设城市的严峻问题,塑造符合中国实际的城市形态及提升城市环境质量是我国城市目前需解决的主要城市问题之一。我国正面临大量的城市更新与城市空间质量优化的需求,在对空间形态精细化控制层面,城市设计发挥着重要作用。其中通过控制城市街廓地块建筑形态来重新塑造城市空间形态特征、提升空间环境质量,关系到人对城市风貌、舒适性与城市活动的直接体验。目前,我国缺乏控制城市物质形态的专门法规文件及规定,主要依靠城市设计导则对城市街廓地块等制定图则以及对地块建筑形态提出要求来实现。城市设计导则中推行地块细分、地块指标、建筑间距、建筑退让、建筑高度、建筑界面控制线与建筑贴线率等量化指标来控制街廓平面、地块建筑与街廓建筑界面等形态,然而由于我国城市街廓的尺度与四周交通、功能、地块划分数、权属地块与地块性质、建筑组合等属性特征复杂,对应着城市街廓平面、地块建筑与街廓界面等形态特征多样化,而城市设计导则处于探索或试行阶段、尚未完全建立相关法规文件并付诸实施,现行相关直接或间接的国家、省级和地方城市的城市法规对城市街廓形态特征的作用不清晰,城市设计指标又不能与相关已有法规指标规定很好衔接,使得指标在很多实际情况下难以落实。例如,南京城市建设在相关国家及历年地方法规管控的基础上,主要以控制性详细规划(以下简称"控规")等规划为手段,通过控制土地开发强度与建筑位置等来解决城市功能问题的同时,却关联带来了城市街廓用地纷乱、街道空间尺度过大、地块划分规模粗放、街道界面参差无序、建筑群体组织秩序凌乱等城市形态发展失控的环境质量问题,而城市设计导则推行的设计指标又未能付诸法规文件且不能与现行相关规定很好衔接,使得相关指标对形态管控在很多情况下不能实现。因此,本研究以南京市为例,聚焦相关城市规划与建设法规,研究范围主要限定在与相关城市法规控制关系紧密的南京老城区,从街廓平面、地块建筑组合和街廓建筑界面3个尺度层级方面,在归纳已有国内外相关研究理论方法和确定城市街廓形态特征属性,以及梳理分析出国家、省级及地方城市的相关法规主要规定条文的基础上,论文总体上设定了一个路径,即从"街廓样本选取、基于指标作用和历史情境发展的街廓建成形态特征总结,到指标与街廓形态关联性理论与实证量化分析、历史情境推演法规对形态作用"的两大方面进行研究:第一方面是通过对街廓建成形态的大量调研观察与分析,通过年代区段选取街廓样本,并对样本进行属性分类,总结出街廓建成形态的现状特征;第二方面是进行主要指标控制作用与街廓形态特征的关联性理论和实证分析,并对应街廓属性特征相关的主要指标规定,从历史中还原法规对形态特征的作用和形态生成的原因,从街廓平面、地块建筑组合和街廓建筑界面3个尺度,在通过创建法规理论模型和关联评价图表方法的关联性理论分析的基础上,采用历史情境重现、图示叠加、数据曲线等对比分析法,对案例从理论和实证两方面深入分析相关城市规划和建设法规与街廓形态特征的关联性。本研究主要取得了理论价值、研究方法创新、关联性作用效果等三方面的研究成果:首先理论价值成果:论文针对目前我国的城市建设和建筑学语境中主要面临的城市设计更新和提升城市空间质量的需求,以南京市为例,通过对已有相关城市规划与建设法规条文的梳理和总结、对大量街廓样本建成形态的调研观察,对应主要指标规定,进行街廓样本的属性归类,在历史情境中还原法规对建成形态的作用,并通过关联性理论和实证两方面,深入量化分析相关法规对城市街廓形态特征的关联影响作用和效果。研究可为后续的其它研究提供理论基础与框架,为我国城市设计导则控制衔接相关规定、进行具体的城市设计控制的可操作性、城市设计更新与提升空间质量提供了科学方法,为推进对我国城市街廓空间形态的科学认知,以及对认城市更新管控观念、倡导城市建设的人居化可持续发展、基于形态视角完善相关法规条文和修订城市设计规范等方面都有很大理论贡献意义。其次是研究方法创新的成果:论文从"建成形态的历史还原与推演法规对形态的作用,到指标与街廓形态关联性理论与实证的量化数据生成分析"的路径进行研究,其中采用建成形态的"历史情境重现法"、关联性理论分析与实证分析的研究方法,对于相关研究方法层面的创新和帮助等具有重要的贡献价值。最后是法规对形态特征的关联影响作用和效果方面的成果贡献,从街廓平面、地块建筑组合和街廓界面3个尺度层级方面得出。1)街廓平面用地布局层面:随历年相关用地指标规定的变化、街廓平面用地构成与地块划分布局逐步按照相关规定进行建设,但是相关土地使用规定在对街区用地使用与开发建设逐渐控制有效的同时,却导致街区用地功能从用地性质单一化到复杂多样的变化,进而关联影响到街区平面用地形态从地块划分粗放、尺度巨大演变到地块划分数增多及划分尺度变小、地块形状大部分由规则形演变为不规则多边形、地块复杂度由低到高的变化,严重缺乏绿化与广场等公共空间,街区平面肌理形态特征从简单规整变得复杂分离等不适居的城市形态问题。2)地块建筑群体组合形态方面:对应地块指标和建筑布局指标等规定的历年变化和控制作用,在有效控制地块开发强度和建筑位置的同时,关联形成了城市老城区、老城边缘区和新城区的各种层高类型的地块建筑组合形态,住宅地块内建筑组合形态特征整齐有序、公共建筑地块内建筑排列仍然较为杂乱无序、城市空间轮廓从老城中心区建筑轮廓最高到老城边缘区变低再到新城区变高的形态变化形式。3)街廓建筑界面方面,对应建筑退让道路距离等规定的历年变化和控制作用,各条道路两侧建筑位置是按照退让道路规定建设的,但是伴随着相关建筑退让道路距离规定从1990年以前的沿道路基线建设、退让1.5～2.5m,变化到1990年以后同一条道路上不同高度建筑退让道路不同距离的规定,关联影响到了城市街廓界面形态特征从1995年以前的界面连续整齐、秩序感强、街道围合感较好,向1995年以后的不连续不整齐、秩序感和围合感低、参差不齐的锯齿形界面形态特征发展。
Urban block is an important part of urban physical form, and it is a land unit which is surrounded by urban roads, including plots, buildings, green sites and square space, facilities and other element and the combination of these elements have form block attribute characteristics, such as traffic environment around the surrounding road, block scale, land use, plots division number, plot ownership boundary, plot shape, buildings distance, open space scale, building wide along street, building height, street wide, and so on. Urban block form might be described as the result of numerous shaping processes in varying social layers at a given place through time, and it is comprehensive influenced by the elements of social, economic, political, historical, environmental and so on, especially from the power of internal and external economic development and urban coding control, and it mainly shows for three forms of the urban block plane shape and group combination form of buildings and block interface form. During the formation and evolution of urban block form, the effect of economic power and social behavior and history and geography and culture is spontaneous, not transferred by people's will, but regulatory guidance can directly manipulate the construction of city, which has very deep association influence duringthe development of urban blocks form. The main relationship point between urban form and relevant urban regulations is the "change of block attribute characteristics", while the relevant rules and technical regulations and standards of city planning and construction are solving the city function problems of ventilation and lighting and fire earthquake and traffic congestion by controlling the intensity of land development and buildings construction position, which are destroying the adaptive relationship between function and form, so cause the morphological change, which relatedly affects the plane texture, spatial contour, building group space organization order of urban block form and affects the quality of urban environment.Since 1980 s, with the rapid development of economy and urbanization, the very quite urgent problem of mankind facing is the lack of characteristic and intensive and livable urban environment, some urban form problems are discussed about city congestion and lack of public space and isolation of population and land function and modern suburbs spreading repeatedly, so urban design is very important for creating urban environment based on human, how to make urban design return to its root, how to control urban space form for improving the urban environment quality becomes a study problem for experts. Some debate research from traditional zoning to the development based on form think that the question is mainly attributed to the main planning of functional separation and car traffic and the traditional zoning by using rigidly, which think that the way of solving these problems may be the planning and urban design methods through the establishment of design rules based on form to remedy or prevent the city environment problem, and may provide design tools through the regulations controlling for balancing the relationship between diversity and order in the city. In the process of global urbanism, in order to prevent be out of control of city development and construction, China also face a serious problems of how to effectively manage and control urban form. China is facing a large number of demands of urban renewal and urban spatial quality optimization, urban design plays an important role in the level of fine control of space form. Through controlling urban block form features for reshaping urban spatial morphology characteristics and enhancing the quality of space environment, which is directly related to the direct experience of people for the city view and comfort and urban activities. At present, our country lacks the special regulation documents and regulations to control the urban material form, it mainly relies on the urban design guidelines to make plans for the urban blocks and plots and buildings, and for the requirements for the building form of the blocks. The urban design guidelines include land fragmentation, plot index, building distancre, architectural concession, building height, building interface control line and building sticker rate to control form features of block plan, plots and buildings and block interface, but because china urban block attribute characteristic is very complex, which corresponds to the form diversity of the urban block plan and plots and buildings and interface, and because urban design guidelines are at the stage of exploration or trial, and the relevant laws and regulations have not been fully established and implemented, and because the direct or indirect regulations control function of the national, provincial and local city on the characteristics of urbanblock is not clear, and because urban design index cannot join with the provisions of relevant regulations, and so on, the index is difficult to implement in many practical situation. Case as Nanjing city, While Nanjing construction mainly solve the city function problems through controlling land development intensity and buildings position and so on, with the control detailed planning as means, on the basis of control of relevant laws and regulations of country and local city, which has brought the environment quality problems of urban form runaway of urban block land chaos and street space scale extensive and plots division larger and street interface disorder and buildings order messy and so on, so it becomes one of the most mainly city problems of need solving that how to effectively control city development and construction and shape the urban form adapting the actual Chinese situation for improving urban environment quality, and urban design guideline has not been put into legal documents, urban design index cannot join with the provisions of relevant regulations, which causes the related indexes can not be realized in many cases. So, focusing on urban policy in China, case as Nanjing city, the study scope is mainly limited to the old urban area of Nanjing, which is closely related to urban regulation and control, from the three scales of the block plan, plots and buildings assemblage, and the street architecture interface, on the basis of summarizing the related research theories and methods, and identifying the attributes characteristics of urban block, and combing the main provisions of relevant laws and regulations of national, provincial and local cities, this paper is set a study path in general, which is two aspects study, from the historical reduction the role of regulations in the form of construction to the data generation and quantitative analysis of correlation between index and block form. The first is through a lot of observation and analysis to the block completed morphology, through the method of case age section selection, select the block samples, corresponding provisions associated with main indexes of block attributes, using the method of historical situation, reproduce the role of regulations control to the morphology in the historical context. The second aspect is relevance analysis of the theoretical and empirical between the main index of control function and block form feature, corresponding to three levels of scale of block plane, plot and buildings, and block interface, on the base of theoretical analysis through creating regulations theory model and correlation evaluation chart, using comparative analysis methods of historical design deduction and graphic superposition and data curve, the study analyzes the relevance between relevant urban regulations and block form features from theory and practice aspects. This study has mainly obtained three aspects of results: theoretical value, research method innovation, relevance effect:First, the results of theoretical value: this paper aims at the demand of urban design renewal and upgrading of urban spatial quality mainly in the context of urban construction and architecture in China, case as Nanjing, this study makes the rationale and summary of the provisions of the existing urban planning and construction regulations and the completion of a large number of street samples, according to the investigation and observation of the form, classify the attributes, restore the role of coding control to form in the historical situation, andthrough the two aspects of the relevance theory and empirical analysis, analyzer t the effect of the related coding. The research provides a theoretical basis and framework, which provides a scientific method for the regulation of urban design guidelines, the operability of specific urban design control, the renewal of urban design and the promotion of space quality. It has great theoretical contribution to know the complex city, to renew the concept of management and control, to advocate the sustainable development of urban construction, to perfect the relevant regulations and to revise the city design norms on the basis of the morphological perspective.The second is the achievement of the research method innovation: in this paper, we set up a path to study the two aspects of "the historical reduction and the effect of the statute on the form of the formation of the built form-to the relation between the index and form and the quantitative data analysis of the empirical analysis", in which the "situation reproduction method", methods of relevance theory analysis and empirical analysis have important contribution value to the innovation and assistance of relevant research methods.The last is the contribution of effect between regulation and morphological characteristics: 1) the plane Layout lof block.: along with the changes in the relevant land use indexes in the past years, the construction of the plot structure and the partition layout of block gradually according to the relevant regulations, but while the relevant land use regulations effectively controlled by the land us, which related the complex and diverse changes, the correlation affects the area of block plane land form from extensive division, large scale evolution to the number of block division and the smaller scale, most of the shape of block shape evolved into irregular polygon, the complexity of block from low to high, and serious lack of greening and square and so on. 2) the combination form of the plot buildings group: the coding of different times, corresponding to the plot index and the building layout index, has effectively control the development intensity and the building position, and influenced the formation of the various types of plot buildings combination form. The structure of the residential block is orderly and orderly, the arrangement of the buildings in the public building blocks is still more and more chaotic. 3) the interface block, corresponding to the changing and controlling function of the building distance, the position of each road on both sides of the road is built according to the regulations of the retreat Road, which stipulates that the control of the back positioning of the buildings on both sides of the road is effective, and the connection forms the discontinuous and irregular interface of the street architecture and the lack of order.
Urban block is an important part of urban physical form, and it is a land unit which is surrounded by urban roads, including plots, buildings, green sites and square space, facilities and other element and the combination of these elements have form block attribute characteristics, such as traffic environment around the surrounding road, block scale, land use, plots division number, plot ownership boundary, plot shape, buildings distance, open space scale, building wide along street, building height, street wide, and so on. Urban block form might be described as the result of numerous shaping processes in varying social layers at a given place through time, and it is comprehensive influenced by the elements of social, economic, political, historical, environmental and so on, especially from the power of internal and external economic development and urban coding control, and it mainly shows for three forms of the urban block plane shape and group combination form of buildings and block interface form. During the formation and evolution of urban block form, the effect of economic power and social behavior and history and geography and culture is spontaneous, not transferred by people's will, but regulatory guidance can directly manipulate the construction of city, which has very deep association influence duringthe development of urban blocks form. The main relationship point between urban form and relevant urban regulations is the "change of block attribute characteristics", while the relevant rules and technical regulations and standards of city planning and construction are solving the city function problems of ventilation and lighting and fire earthquake and traffic congestion by controlling the intensity of land development and buildings construction position, which are destroying the adaptive relationship between function and form, so cause the morphological change, which relatedly affects the plane texture, spatial contour, building group space organization order of urban block form and affects the quality of urban environment.Since 1980 s, with the rapid development of economy and urbanization, the very quite urgent problem of mankind facing is the lack of characteristic and intensive and livable urban environment, some urban form problems are discussed about city congestion and lack of public space and isolation of population and land function and modern suburbs spreading repeatedly, so urban design is very important for creating urban environment based on human, how to make urban design return to its root, how to control urban space form for improving the urban environment quality becomes a study problem for experts. Some debate research from traditional zoning to the development based on form think that the question is mainly attributed to the main planning of functional separation and car traffic and the traditional zoning by using rigidly, which think that the way of solving these problems may be the planning and urban design methods through the establishment of design rules based on form to remedy or prevent the city environment problem, and may provide design tools through the regulations controlling for balancing the relationship between diversity and order in the city. In the process of global urbanism, in order to prevent be out of control of city development and construction, China also face a serious problems of how to effectively manage and control urban form. China is facing a large number of demands of urban renewal and urban spatial quality optimization, urban design plays an important role in the level of fine control of space form. Through controlling urban block form features for reshaping urban spatial morphology characteristics and enhancing the quality of space environment, which is directly related to the direct experience of people for the city view and comfort and urban activities. At present, our country lacks the special regulation documents and regulations to control the urban material form, it mainly relies on the urban design guidelines to make plans for the urban blocks and plots and buildings, and for the requirements for the building form of the blocks. The urban design guidelines include land fragmentation, plot index, building distancre, architectural concession, building height, building interface control line and building sticker rate to control form features of block plan, plots and buildings and block interface, but because china urban block attribute characteristic is very complex, which corresponds to the form diversity of the urban block plan and plots and buildings and interface, and because urban design guidelines are at the stage of exploration or trial, and the relevant laws and regulations have not been fully established and implemented, and because the direct or indirect regulations control function of the national, provincial and local city on the characteristics of urbanblock is not clear, and because urban design index cannot join with the provisions of relevant regulations, and so on, the index is difficult to implement in many practical situation. Case as Nanjing city, While Nanjing construction mainly solve the city function problems through controlling land development intensity and buildings position and so on, with the control detailed planning as means, on the basis of control of relevant laws and regulations of country and local city, which has brought the environment quality problems of urban form runaway of urban block land chaos and street space scale extensive and plots division larger and street interface disorder and buildings order messy and so on, so it becomes one of the most mainly city problems of need solving that how to effectively control city development and construction and shape the urban form adapting the actual Chinese situation for improving urban environment quality, and urban design guideline has not been put into legal documents, urban design index cannot join with the provisions of relevant regulations, which causes the related indexes can not be realized in many cases. So, focusing on urban policy in China, case as Nanjing city, the study scope is mainly limited to the old urban area of Nanjing, which is closely related to urban regulation and control, from the three scales of the block plan, plots and buildings assemblage, and the street architecture interface, on the basis of summarizing the related research theories and methods, and identifying the attributes characteristics of urban block, and combing the main provisions of relevant laws and regulations of national, provincial and local cities, this paper is set a study path in general, which is two aspects study, from the historical reduction the role of regulations in the form of construction to the data generation and quantitative analysis of correlation between index and block form. The first is through a lot of observation and analysis to the block completed morphology, through the method of case age section selection, select the block samples, corresponding provisions associated with main indexes of block attributes, using the method of historical situation, reproduce the role of regulations control to the morphology in the historical context. The second aspect is relevance analysis of the theoretical and empirical between the main index of control function and block form feature, corresponding to three levels of scale of block plane, plot and buildings, and block interface, on the base of theoretical analysis through creating regulations theory model and correlation evaluation chart, using comparative analysis methods of historical design deduction and graphic superposition and data curve, the study analyzes the relevance between relevant urban regulations and block form features from theory and practice aspects. This study has mainly obtained three aspects of results: theoretical value, research method innovation, relevance effect:First, the results of theoretical value: this paper aims at the demand of urban design renewal and upgrading of urban spatial quality mainly in the context of urban construction and architecture in China, case as Nanjing, this study makes the rationale and summary of the provisions of the existing urban planning and construction regulations and the completion of a large number of street samples, according to the investigation and observation of the form, classify the attributes, restore the role of coding control to form in the historical situation, andthrough the two aspects of the relevance theory and empirical analysis, analyzer t the effect of the related coding. The research provides a theoretical basis and framework, which provides a scientific method for the regulation of urban design guidelines, the operability of specific urban design control, the renewal of urban design and the promotion of space quality. It has great theoretical contribution to know the complex city, to renew the concept of management and control, to advocate the sustainable development of urban construction, to perfect the relevant regulations and to revise the city design norms on the basis of the morphological perspective.The second is the achievement of the research method innovation: in this paper, we set up a path to study the two aspects of "the historical reduction and the effect of the statute on the form of the formation of the built form-to the relation between the index and form and the quantitative data analysis of the empirical analysis", in which the "situation reproduction method", methods of relevance theory analysis and empirical analysis have important contribution value to the innovation and assistance of relevant research methods.The last is the contribution of effect between regulation and morphological characteristics: 1) the plane Layout lof block.: along with the changes in the relevant land use indexes in the past years, the construction of the plot structure and the partition layout of block gradually according to the relevant regulations, but while the relevant land use regulations effectively controlled by the land us, which related the complex and diverse changes, the correlation affects the area of block plane land form from extensive division, large scale evolution to the number of block division and the smaller scale, most of the shape of block shape evolved into irregular polygon, the complexity of block from low to high, and serious lack of greening and square and so on. 2) the combination form of the plot buildings group: the coding of different times, corresponding to the plot index and the building layout index, has effectively control the development intensity and the building position, and influenced the formation of the various types of plot buildings combination form. The structure of the residential block is orderly and orderly, the arrangement of the buildings in the public building blocks is still more and more chaotic. 3) the interface block, corresponding to the changing and controlling function of the building distance, the position of each road on both sides of the road is built according to the regulations of the retreat Road, which stipulates that the control of the back positioning of the buildings on both sides of the road is effective, and the connection forms the discontinuous and irregular interface of the street architecture and the lack of order.
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