铁冲击相变的晶向效应
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摘要
采用基于火炮加载的三样品精细波剖面对比测量,研究了晶向效应对铁弹-塑性转变及体心立方结构(bcc,α相)至六角密排结构(hcp,ε相)相变特性的影响.观测到单晶铁异常的弹-塑性转变行为,这与基于位错密度描述的黏塑性本构模型计算结果相符,对应的Hugoniot弹性极限δ_(HEL)均大于6 GPa,且具有晶向相关性,即δ(111)/(HEL)>δ(110)/(HEL)>δ(100)/(HEL);系统获取了相变起始压力P_(PT)晶向相关性的实验数据,[100],[110]和[111]晶向的PPT实测值分别为13.89±0.57 GPa,14.53±0.53 GPa,16.05±0.67 GPa,其变化规律与非平衡分子动力学计算结果相符.上述结果揭示出冲击压缩下单晶铁存在塑性与相变微观机理的强耦合,为完善用于冲击实验描述的相场动力学模型提供了重要的实验支撑.
The dynamic response of iron,especially the phase transformation from the ambient body-centered-cubic(bcc)α-phase to the hexagonal-closed packed(hcp) ε-phase,has been studied extensively in the last 60 years due to its importance in industry and its role as a main constituent of Earth.Recently,this topic has attracted a lot of attention in the aspects of the kinetic characteristics and mechanism of the shock-induced a ε phase transition,including orientation-,temperature-,time-and strain rate-dependences.But only a few data have been published on the crystal orientation effect.The systematic experimental results to identify the predictions of the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics(NEMD) simulation are still lacking.For this reason,we study the shock responses of the[100],[110]and[111]orientated iron single crystals by using a three-independent-sample method in one shot.Unlike previously reported[001]single-crystal iron,a clear three-wave structure consisting of a PEL wave(elastic wave),a P_1 wave(plastic wave)and a P_2 wave(phase transition wave) is observed in the measured wave profiles for all single-crystal iron samples.The elastic-plastic transition process is in accordance with the numerical simulation of dislocation-based constitutive model for visco-plastic deformation.It is found that the values of Hugoniot elastic limit δ_(HEL)(δ(111)/(HEL) > δ(110)/(HEL) > δ(100)/(HEL))are greater than 6 GPa and dependent on the initial crystal orientation.Such a high yield strength is consistent with the nanosecond X-ray diffraction of[001]single-crystal iron where the uniaxial compression of the lattice has been observed at a shock pressure of about 5.4 GPa.Moreover,the onset pressures P_(PT) for the α→ε phase transition are obtained to be 13.89 ± 0.57 GPa,14.53 ± 0.53 GPa and 16.05 ± 0.67 GPa along the[100],[110],and[111]directions,respectively.Based on these results,it is concluded that the crystal orientation effect of P_(PT) is consistent with the reported NEMD calculations.However,the measured values are lower.In addition,the transition strain-ratio of singlecrystal iron is found to be higher than that of polycrystalline iron,reflecting the influence of the transformation kinetics(i.e.,transformation kinetics coefficient) on the wave profile evolution.Our observations indicate that the strong coupling between plasticity and phase transition in single crystal iron might be a key point for understanding the origin of the phase transition and also for ending the controversy of metastable y-phase.The fine multi-wave profiles also provide an important experimental reference for improving the phase field modeling of shock-induced phase transition.
The dynamic response of iron,especially the phase transformation from the ambient body-centered-cubic(bcc)α-phase to the hexagonal-closed packed(hcp) ε-phase,has been studied extensively in the last 60 years due to its importance in industry and its role as a main constituent of Earth.Recently,this topic has attracted a lot of attention in the aspects of the kinetic characteristics and mechanism of the shock-induced a ε phase transition,including orientation-,temperature-,time-and strain rate-dependences.But only a few data have been published on the crystal orientation effect.The systematic experimental results to identify the predictions of the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics(NEMD) simulation are still lacking.For this reason,we study the shock responses of the[100],[110]and[111]orientated iron single crystals by using a three-independent-sample method in one shot.Unlike previously reported[001]single-crystal iron,a clear three-wave structure consisting of a PEL wave(elastic wave),a P_1 wave(plastic wave)and a P_2 wave(phase transition wave) is observed in the measured wave profiles for all single-crystal iron samples.The elastic-plastic transition process is in accordance with the numerical simulation of dislocation-based constitutive model for visco-plastic deformation.It is found that the values of Hugoniot elastic limit δ_(HEL)(δ(111)/(HEL) > δ(110)/(HEL) > δ(100)/(HEL))are greater than 6 GPa and dependent on the initial crystal orientation.Such a high yield strength is consistent with the nanosecond X-ray diffraction of[001]single-crystal iron where the uniaxial compression of the lattice has been observed at a shock pressure of about 5.4 GPa.Moreover,the onset pressures P_(PT) for the α→ε phase transition are obtained to be 13.89 ± 0.57 GPa,14.53 ± 0.53 GPa and 16.05 ± 0.67 GPa along the[100],[110],and[111]directions,respectively.Based on these results,it is concluded that the crystal orientation effect of P_(PT) is consistent with the reported NEMD calculations.However,the measured values are lower.In addition,the transition strain-ratio of singlecrystal iron is found to be higher than that of polycrystalline iron,reflecting the influence of the transformation kinetics(i.e.,transformation kinetics coefficient) on the wave profile evolution.Our observations indicate that the strong coupling between plasticity and phase transition in single crystal iron might be a key point for understanding the origin of the phase transition and also for ending the controversy of metastable y-phase.The fine multi-wave profiles also provide an important experimental reference for improving the phase field modeling of shock-induced phase transition.
引文
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[23]Yaakobi B,Boehly T R,Meyerhofer D D,Collins T J2005 Phys.Rev.Lett.95 075501
[24]Kalantar D H,Belak J F,Collins G W,Colvin J D,Davis H M,Effert J H,Germann T C,Hawreliak J,Holian B L,Kadau K,Lomdahl P S,Lorenzana H E,Meyers M A,Rosolankova K,Schneider M S,Sheppard J,Stolken J S,Wark J S 2005 Phys.Rev.Lett.95 075502
[25]Cao X X,Li J B,Li J,Li X H,Xu L,Wang Y,Zhu W J,Meng C M,Zhou X M 2014 J.Appl.Phys.116 093516
[26]Hawreliak J A,El-Dasher B,Lorenzana H 2011 Phys.Rev.B 83 144114
[27]Krasnikov V S,Mayer A E,Yalovets P A 2011 Int.J.Plast.27 1294
[28]Mayer A E,Khishchenko K V,Levashov P R,Mayer P N 2013 J.Appl.Phys.113 193508
[29]Barker L M,Hollenbach R E 1974 J.Appl.Phys.454872
[30]Yu J D,Wang WQ.WuQ 2012 Phys.Rev.Lett.109115701
[2]Minshall S 1955 J.Appl.Phys.26 463
[3]Bancraft D,Peterson E L,Minshall S 1956 J.Appl.Phys.27 291
[4]Saxena S K,Dubrovinsky L S,Haggkvist P,Cerenius Y,Shen G,Mao H K 1995 Science 269 1703
[5]Belonoshko A B,Dorogokupets P I,Johansson B,Saxena S K,Koci L 2008 Phys.Rev.B 78 104107
[6]Tateno S,Hirose K,Ohishi Y,Tatsumi Y 2010 Science330 359
[7]Crowhurst J C,Reed B W,Armstrong M R,Radousky H B,Carter J A,Swift D C,Zaug J M,Minich R W,Teslich N E,Kumer M 2014 J.Appl.Phys.115 113506
[8]Ma Y Z,Selvi E,Levitas V I,Hashemi J 2006 J.Phys.Condens.Matter 18 1075
[9]Johnson P C,Stein B A,Davis R S 1962 J.Appl.Phys.33 557
[10]Zaretsky E B 2009 J.Appl.Phys.106 023510
[11]Merkel S,Liermann H P,Miyagi L 2013 Acta.Materialia61 5144
[12]Lu Z P,Zhu W J,Liu S J,Lu T C,Chen X R 2009 Acta Phys.Sin.58 2083(in Chinese)[卢志鹏,祝文军,刘绍军,卢铁城,陈向荣2009物理学报58 2083]
[13]Shao J L,He A M,Qin C S,Wang P 2009 Acta Phys.Sin.58 5610(in Chinese)[邵建立,何安民,秦承森,王裴2009物理学报58 5610]
[14]Kadau K,Germann T C,Lomdahl P S,Holian B L 2002Science 296 1681
[15]Kadau K,Germann T C,Lomdahl P S,Holian B L 2005Phys.Rev.B 72 064210
[16]Kadau K,Germann T C,Lomdahl P S,Albers R C,Wark J S,Higginbotham A,Holian B L 2007 Phys.Rev.Lett.98 135701
[17]Wang K,Xiao S F,Deng H Q,Zhu W J,Hu W Y 2014Int.J.Plast.59 180
[18]Lu Z P,Zhu W J,Lu T C,Wang W Q 2014 Modelling Simul.Sci.Eng.22 025007
[19]Ma W,Zhu W J,Zhang Y L,Jing F Q 2011 Acta Phys.Sin.60 066404(in Chinese)[马文,祝文军,张亚林,经福谦2011物理学报60 066404]
[20]Shao J L,Qin C S,Wang P 2009 Acta Phys.Sin.581936(in Chinese)[邵建立,秦承森,王裴2009物理学报58 1936]
[21]Jensen B J,GrayⅢG T,Hixson R S 2009 J.Appl.Phys.105 103502
[22]Smith R F,Eggert J H,Swift D C,Wang J,Duffy T S,Braun D G,Rudd R E,Reisman D B,Davis J P,Knudson M D,Collins G W 2013 J.Appl.Phys.114223507
[23]Yaakobi B,Boehly T R,Meyerhofer D D,Collins T J2005 Phys.Rev.Lett.95 075501
[24]Kalantar D H,Belak J F,Collins G W,Colvin J D,Davis H M,Effert J H,Germann T C,Hawreliak J,Holian B L,Kadau K,Lomdahl P S,Lorenzana H E,Meyers M A,Rosolankova K,Schneider M S,Sheppard J,Stolken J S,Wark J S 2005 Phys.Rev.Lett.95 075502
[25]Cao X X,Li J B,Li J,Li X H,Xu L,Wang Y,Zhu W J,Meng C M,Zhou X M 2014 J.Appl.Phys.116 093516
[26]Hawreliak J A,El-Dasher B,Lorenzana H 2011 Phys.Rev.B 83 144114
[27]Krasnikov V S,Mayer A E,Yalovets P A 2011 Int.J.Plast.27 1294
[28]Mayer A E,Khishchenko K V,Levashov P R,Mayer P N 2013 J.Appl.Phys.113 193508
[29]Barker L M,Hollenbach R E 1974 J.Appl.Phys.454872
[30]Yu J D,Wang WQ.WuQ 2012 Phys.Rev.Lett.109115701