魔幻现实主义:女性主义颠覆性语言建构
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摘要
魔幻现实主义与女性主义的关系非常密切。女性作家对这一文类的建构起到了至关重要的作用。首先,她们通过魔幻现实主义揭露了在语言领域常有的社会政治斗争。处于男权文化及其话语统治下的女性,不是语言的占有者,因此,她们使用魔幻现实主义词汇颠覆语言和生活规范。其次,超自然可以绕过压迫语言的藩篱,利用象征和隐喻更为深刻地表达出被剥夺者,如女性和黑人的集体情感体验。通过分析多个不同国家和民族的女性魔幻现实主义作品,如莫里森的《宠儿》、迟子建的《群山之巅》以及海外华裔作家的作品,可以揭示女性作家采用魔幻现实主义的深层次原因、超自然在她们的作品中所起到的作用,以及她们对魔幻现实主义这一文类的重要贡献。
The link between magic realism and feminism is significant. Many female writers are essential in the construction of this genre. Firstly,female writers use magic realism to reveal a common socio-political struggle in the field of language itself. Under patriarchal culture and its discourse,women are not the subject of language. They use magic realist vocabularies to subvert language and social norms,to gain a voice. Secondly,supernatural descriptions help the writers to travel beyond the boundaries of the oppressive language,using symbol and metaphor to express deep collective emotional experience of the deprived,such as the black race and women. Through the analysis many a female magic realist works from different countries and nationalities,such as Morrison's Beloved,Chi Zijian's The Top of Mountains,and the works of some American Chinese female authors,this article reveals the rooted reasons for female writers' construction of magic realism and how the supernatural functions in their works,to manifest their significant contributions in this genre.
The link between magic realism and feminism is significant. Many female writers are essential in the construction of this genre. Firstly,female writers use magic realism to reveal a common socio-political struggle in the field of language itself. Under patriarchal culture and its discourse,women are not the subject of language. They use magic realist vocabularies to subvert language and social norms,to gain a voice. Secondly,supernatural descriptions help the writers to travel beyond the boundaries of the oppressive language,using symbol and metaphor to express deep collective emotional experience of the deprived,such as the black race and women. Through the analysis many a female magic realist works from different countries and nationalities,such as Morrison's Beloved,Chi Zijian's The Top of Mountains,and the works of some American Chinese female authors,this article reveals the rooted reasons for female writers' construction of magic realism and how the supernatural functions in their works,to manifest their significant contributions in this genre.
引文
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Cameron,Debbie. On Language and Sexual Politics. London&New York:Routledge,2007.
Carpentier,Alejo.“On the Marvelous Real in America”. Magical Realism:Theory, History,Community. Eds. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham&London:Durk University Press,1995. 75-88.
Chang,Lan Samatha. Hunger. New York:Penguin,2000.
迟子建:《群山之巅》。北京:人民文学出版社,2015 年。[Chi,Zijian. Top of the Mountains(qun shan zhi dian). Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,2015.]
Cixous,Hélène. Entre l'écriture. Paris:Des femmes,1986.
Cooper,Brenda. Magical Realism in West African Fiction:Seeing with a Third Eye. London&New York:Routledge,1998.
Daly,Mary. Websters'First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language. Boston:Beacon Press,1987.
樊星“当今女性文学与神秘主义”,《学术月刊》8(2009):106-113。[Fan,Xing.“Feminist Literature Today and Mysticism”(dang jin nüxing wen xue yu shen mi zhu yi). Academic Monthly 8(2009):106-113.]
Kincaid,Jamaica. A Small Place. New York:Farrar,Straus,Giroux,1988.
Kingston,Maxime Hong. The Woman Warrior:Memoirs of a Girlhood among Ghosts. New York:Picador,1981(1975).
马宇飞:“双重边缘化的女性书写——论迟子建的小说创作”,《黑龙江社会科学》6(2013)124-127.[Ma,Yufei.“Double Marginalized Female Writing:Study on the Novels of Chi Zijian”(shuang chong bian yuan hua de nüxing shu xie:lun chi zi jian de xiao shuo chuang zuo). Heilongjiang Social Science 6(2013):124-127.]
Meslet,Vincent.“La télévision aux frontières du réel”. Le Réalisme Merveilleux. Ed. Xavier Garnier.Paris:L'Harmattan,1998. 69-80.
Morrison,Toni. Beloved. New York:Alfred Knopf,1987.
---. The Bluest Eye. New York:Holt,Rinehard&Winston,1970.
Narayan,Uma and Sandra Harding. Decentering the Center:Philosophy for a Multicultural,Postcolonial,and Feminist World. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1989.
NDiaye,Marie. La Sorcière. Paris:Minuit,1996.
Ozick,Cynthia. The Pagan Rabbi and Other Stories. New York:Knopf,1971.
Richter,Anne. Le Fantastique Féminin. Paris:Complexe,1995.
Roussos,Katherine. Décoloniser l'imaginaire. Paris:L'Harmattan,2007.
Tannen,Deborah. Talking Voices:Repetition,Dialogue,and Imagery in Conversational Discourse.Cambridge University Press,2007.
Wittig,Monique. Lesbian Peoples:Material for a Dictionary. New York:Avon,1979.
---. The Straight Mind. Boston:Beacon,1992.
颜浩“娜拉神话的颠覆与终结——论张爱玲小说的‘女性出走’主题”,《文艺研究》3(2016):73-81。[Yan,Hao.“The Subversion and End of Nora Myth:On the‘Women's Runaway’Theme in Eileen Zhang's Novels”(na la shen hua de dian fu yu zhong jie:lun zhang ai ling xiao shuo de nüxing chu zou zhu ti). Literature and Art Studies 3(2016):73-81.]
Zamora,Lois Parkinson and Wendy B. Faris. Magical Realism:Theory,History,Community.Durham&London:Duke University Press,1995.
(1)文中译文如未标注译者皆为引者译。
(1)Roussos,Katherine. Décoloniser l'imaginaire. Paris:L'Harmattan,2007.又,katherine Roussos是Kate Rose曾用名,特此说明。
(1)例子可以参见对女性作家和超自然作品的介绍:Anne Richter,Le Fantastique féminin.Paris:Complexe,1995. 16。
Cameron,Debbie. On Language and Sexual Politics. London&New York:Routledge,2007.
Carpentier,Alejo.“On the Marvelous Real in America”. Magical Realism:Theory, History,Community. Eds. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham&London:Durk University Press,1995. 75-88.
Chang,Lan Samatha. Hunger. New York:Penguin,2000.
迟子建:《群山之巅》。北京:人民文学出版社,2015 年。[Chi,Zijian. Top of the Mountains(qun shan zhi dian). Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,2015.]
Cixous,Hélène. Entre l'écriture. Paris:Des femmes,1986.
Cooper,Brenda. Magical Realism in West African Fiction:Seeing with a Third Eye. London&New York:Routledge,1998.
Daly,Mary. Websters'First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language. Boston:Beacon Press,1987.
樊星“当今女性文学与神秘主义”,《学术月刊》8(2009):106-113。[Fan,Xing.“Feminist Literature Today and Mysticism”(dang jin nüxing wen xue yu shen mi zhu yi). Academic Monthly 8(2009):106-113.]
Kincaid,Jamaica. A Small Place. New York:Farrar,Straus,Giroux,1988.
Kingston,Maxime Hong. The Woman Warrior:Memoirs of a Girlhood among Ghosts. New York:Picador,1981(1975).
马宇飞:“双重边缘化的女性书写——论迟子建的小说创作”,《黑龙江社会科学》6(2013)124-127.[Ma,Yufei.“Double Marginalized Female Writing:Study on the Novels of Chi Zijian”(shuang chong bian yuan hua de nüxing shu xie:lun chi zi jian de xiao shuo chuang zuo). Heilongjiang Social Science 6(2013):124-127.]
Meslet,Vincent.“La télévision aux frontières du réel”. Le Réalisme Merveilleux. Ed. Xavier Garnier.Paris:L'Harmattan,1998. 69-80.
Morrison,Toni. Beloved. New York:Alfred Knopf,1987.
---. The Bluest Eye. New York:Holt,Rinehard&Winston,1970.
Narayan,Uma and Sandra Harding. Decentering the Center:Philosophy for a Multicultural,Postcolonial,and Feminist World. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1989.
NDiaye,Marie. La Sorcière. Paris:Minuit,1996.
Ozick,Cynthia. The Pagan Rabbi and Other Stories. New York:Knopf,1971.
Richter,Anne. Le Fantastique Féminin. Paris:Complexe,1995.
Roussos,Katherine. Décoloniser l'imaginaire. Paris:L'Harmattan,2007.
Tannen,Deborah. Talking Voices:Repetition,Dialogue,and Imagery in Conversational Discourse.Cambridge University Press,2007.
Wittig,Monique. Lesbian Peoples:Material for a Dictionary. New York:Avon,1979.
---. The Straight Mind. Boston:Beacon,1992.
颜浩“娜拉神话的颠覆与终结——论张爱玲小说的‘女性出走’主题”,《文艺研究》3(2016):73-81。[Yan,Hao.“The Subversion and End of Nora Myth:On the‘Women's Runaway’Theme in Eileen Zhang's Novels”(na la shen hua de dian fu yu zhong jie:lun zhang ai ling xiao shuo de nüxing chu zou zhu ti). Literature and Art Studies 3(2016):73-81.]
Zamora,Lois Parkinson and Wendy B. Faris. Magical Realism:Theory,History,Community.Durham&London:Duke University Press,1995.
(1)文中译文如未标注译者皆为引者译。
(1)Roussos,Katherine. Décoloniser l'imaginaire. Paris:L'Harmattan,2007.又,katherine Roussos是Kate Rose曾用名,特此说明。
(1)例子可以参见对女性作家和超自然作品的介绍:Anne Richter,Le Fantastique féminin.Paris:Complexe,1995. 16。