巴基斯坦科技教育政策的历史和现状
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摘要
系统梳理巴基斯坦1947—2017年的全国性教育政策文本,发现巴基斯坦政府颁布的9份教育政策文件均涉及科技教育内容。结合政局和一般社会发展状况的分析发现,巴基斯坦科技教育政策及其实施经历了4个阶段的变化。1947—1971年,受国家整体知识发展水平限制,新生国家面临各种国内外政治经济等迫切问题,科技教育政策无法得到完全实施。1972—1998年,巴基斯坦国内外政治局势变换,教育政策未得到持续、稳定的有效实施,科技教育发展缓慢。1998年以来,政治环境得到改善,科技教育真正开始得到重视并快速发展。目前巴基斯坦科技教育尚处于精英教育和实用教育阶段,投入短缺和无专门管理机构,是掣肘其科技教育规划落实的两大因素。
Pakistan government has issued nine educational policy documents, covering various aspects of the science and technology education. From 1947 to 1971, due to the domestic and international political and economic problems for a new country, the science and technology education policy could not be fully implemented. From 1972—1998, the development of the country improved but still due to political complex situations in Pakistan and abroad, the education policy was not implemented continuously and stably, and the progress of science and technology education was quite slow. Since 1998, the political environment improved and government emphasized on the education and growth of science and technology, so science and technology education gained attention in right direction and progressed rapidly. At present, Pakistan's science and technology education is still in the road to achieve exclusive and practical education. The shortage of proper investment and the lack of dedicated institutions are two major factors that hinder the execution of science and technology education plans and policies.
Pakistan government has issued nine educational policy documents, covering various aspects of the science and technology education. From 1947 to 1971, due to the domestic and international political and economic problems for a new country, the science and technology education policy could not be fully implemented. From 1972—1998, the development of the country improved but still due to political complex situations in Pakistan and abroad, the education policy was not implemented continuously and stably, and the progress of science and technology education was quite slow. Since 1998, the political environment improved and government emphasized on the education and growth of science and technology, so science and technology education gained attention in right direction and progressed rapidly. At present, Pakistan's science and technology education is still in the road to achieve exclusive and practical education. The shortage of proper investment and the lack of dedicated institutions are two major factors that hinder the execution of science and technology education plans and policies.
引文
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[3]Tariq R.Denizens of alien worlds:A study of education,inequality and polarization in Pakistan[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2004.Reprint 2006.
[4]Kaiser B.History of education policy making and planning in Pakistan(Working Paper Series No.40)[Z].Islamabad:The Sustainable Development Policy Institute(SPDI),1999.
[5]Khan J,Sarfraz T,Saima Y,et al.Determination of medical education environment in punjab private and public medical colleges affiliated with university of health sciences,Lahore-Pakistan[J].Journal of Ayub Medical College,2009,21(4):162-170.
[6]Hill J C,Tanveer S A.Developing a program to improve science education in Pakistan:A six-year implementation cycle.Science Education[J].1990,74(2):241-251.
[7]Govt.of Pakistan.Proceedings of the East Pakistan Educational Conference[Z].Islamabad:Ministry of the Interior(Education Division),1947.
[8]Govt.of Pakistan.Report on the commission on national education[Z].Islamabad:Ministry of Education,1959.
[9]Govt.of Pakistan.The new education policy[Z].Islamabad:Ministry of Education and Scientific Research,1970.
[10]Govt.of Pakistan.The education policy:1972-1980[Z].Islamabad:Ministry of Education,1972:1-45.
[11]Govt.of Pakistan.A national education policy and implementation programme[Z].Islamabad:Ministry of Education,1979.
[12]Govt.of Pakistan.The education policy 1992[Z].Islamabad:Ministry of Education,1992:1-85.
[13]Govt.of Pakistan.National education policy:1998-2010[Z].Islamabad:Ministry of Education,1998.
[14]Govt.of Pakistan.National education policy 2009[Z].Islamabad:Ministry of Education,2009:1-63.
[15]Govt.of Pakistan.National education policy 2017[Z].Islamabad:Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training,2017.
[16]TIMMS USA.The trends in international mathematics and science study(TIMSS):TIMSS NCES handbook of survey methods[Z].[2019-01-01].Available at https://nces.ed.gov/statprog/handbook/pdf/timss.pdf.
[17]Govt.of Pakistan.Proceedings of the education conference1951[Z].Islamabad:Education division,1951.
[18]National Education Management Information System,Academy of Educational Planning and Management,Ministry of Federal Education&Professional Training.NEMIS report:Pakistan education statistics(2015-2016)[Z].Islamabad:Premier Printers,2017.
[19]The World Bank.World development indicators[Z].2007.