进水水质对纳滤膜苦咸水软化的分离性能
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摘要
针对黄淮地区苦咸水,构建了小试级别的纳滤膜法软化系统,并开展了包括pH、总溶解固体含盐量(TDS)和总有机碳(TOC)等进水水质对DL、DK型纳滤膜的软化分离实验。结果表明,pH为3~10、TDS为1317~5926 mg·L~(-1)和TOC为2.72~12.24 mg·L~(-1)的进水条件下,DL和DK纳滤膜比通量随pH的增加分别呈先上升后下降和缓慢下降的趋势,随进水TDS和TOC的增加呈整体下降趋势,而纳滤膜对硬度离子(Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+))的截留率均呈明显的上升趋势。DL膜运行至267 h时,膜比通量下降幅度超过10%,进行化学清洗,酸洗后膜比通量恢复率达到85.05%,酸洗加碱洗后该值高达97.2%,结合扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜表征结果,可知化学清洗对膜面污染有较好的去除效果。
Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted with two different commercial types of the nanofiltration(NF) membranes(DL and DK) to soften one brackish water in the Huanghuai region of China. The influences of feed pH(3—10), feed total dissolved solids(1317—5926 mg·L~(-1)) and total organic carbon(2.72—12.24 mg·L~(-1)) on both selected NF membranes separating efficiencies were evaluated. The experimental results indicated that with the increase of feed pH, both DL and DK nanofiltration membrane specific fluxes firstly increased, then decreased, and finally slowly declined. But it decreased all the time with the increase of feed TOC and TDS. The divalent ions(Mg~(2+) and Ca~(2+)) rejection rates for candidate NF membranes were on the rise during the testing scope. DL nanofiltration membrane was selected to continue to carry out the long-term stability test. When the operating time was running to 267 h, the membrane specific flux decreased by more than 10%, and chemical cleaning was adopted immediately. After chemical acid cleaning, the membrane specific flux recovery rate reached 85.05%; and after the coupling acid cleaning and alkali cleaning, the value is as high as 97.2%. Combined with scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope characterization images, it was clearly showed that the chemical cleaning has good removal effect for membrane fouling.
Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted with two different commercial types of the nanofiltration(NF) membranes(DL and DK) to soften one brackish water in the Huanghuai region of China. The influences of feed pH(3—10), feed total dissolved solids(1317—5926 mg·L~(-1)) and total organic carbon(2.72—12.24 mg·L~(-1)) on both selected NF membranes separating efficiencies were evaluated. The experimental results indicated that with the increase of feed pH, both DL and DK nanofiltration membrane specific fluxes firstly increased, then decreased, and finally slowly declined. But it decreased all the time with the increase of feed TOC and TDS. The divalent ions(Mg~(2+) and Ca~(2+)) rejection rates for candidate NF membranes were on the rise during the testing scope. DL nanofiltration membrane was selected to continue to carry out the long-term stability test. When the operating time was running to 267 h, the membrane specific flux decreased by more than 10%, and chemical cleaning was adopted immediately. After chemical acid cleaning, the membrane specific flux recovery rate reached 85.05%; and after the coupling acid cleaning and alkali cleaning, the value is as high as 97.2%. Combined with scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope characterization images, it was clearly showed that the chemical cleaning has good removal effect for membrane fouling.
引文
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[27]MUKHERJEE R,MONDAL M,SINHA A,et al.Application of nanofiltration membrane for treatment of chloride rich steel plant effluent[J].J.Environ.Chem.Eng.,2016,4(1):1-9.
[28]WANG J,WANG L,MIAO R,et al.Enhanced gypsum scaling by organic fouling layer on nanofiltration membrane:characteristics and mechanisms[J].Water Res.,2016,4(3):1-9.
[29]TU K L,CHIVAS A R,NGHIEM L D.Effects of membrane fouling and scaling on boron rejection by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes[J].Desalination,2011,279(3):269-277.
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[2]TANG W,KOVALSKY P,HE D,et al.Fluoride and nitrate removal from brackish groundwaters by batch-mode capacitive deionization[J].Water.Res.,2015,84(11):342-349.
[3]HAIDARI A H,BLANKERT B,TIMMER H,et al.PURO:a unique RO-design for brackish groundwater treatment[J].Desalination,2017,403(S1):208-216.
[4]GREENLEE L F,LAWLER D F,FREEMAN B D,et al.Reverse osmosis desalination:water sources,technology,and today's challenges[J].Water.Res.,2009,43(9):2317-2348.
[5]GARG M C,JOSHI H.Optimization and economic analysis of small scale nanofiltration and reverse osmosis brackish water system powered by photovoltaics[J].Desalination,2014,353(11):57-74.
[6]JEONG S,RICE S A,VIGNESWARAN S.Long-term effect on membrane fouling in a new membrane bioreactor as a pretreatment to seawater desalination[J].Bioresour.Technol.,2014,165(S1):60-68.
[7]GUASTALLI A R,XAVIER S F,PENRU Y,et al.Comparison of DMF and UF pretreatments for particulate material and dissolved organic matter removal in SWRO desalination[J].Desalination,2013,322(8):144-150.
[8]LI X,CAO Y,YU H,et al.A novel composite nanofiltration membrane prepared with PHGH and TMC by interfacial polymerization[J].J.Membrane Sci.,2014,466(9):82-91.
[9]LABBAN O,LIU C,CHONG T H,et al.Fundamentals of low-pressure nanofiltration:membrane characterization,modeling,and understanding the multi-ionic interactions in water softening[J].J.Membrane Sci.,2017,521(1):18-32.
[10]牟超,胡国新.超声作用对Na Cl和Mg Cl2溶液在纳滤膜内传质的影响[J].化工学报,2014,65(S1):386-390.MOU C,HU G X.Influence of ultrasonic treatment on Na Cl aqueous and Mg SO4 aqueous solution in nanofiltration membrane transport[J].CIESC Journal,2014,65(S1):386-390.
[11]ANG W L,MOHAMMAD A W,BENAMOR A,et al.Hybrid coagulation-NF membrane processes for brackish water treatment:effect of p H and salt/calcium concentration[J].Desalination,2016,390(7):25-32.
[12]SARI M A,CHELLAM S.Relative contributions of organic and inorganic fouling during nanofiltration of inland brackish surface water[J].J.Membrane Sci.,2017,523(2):68-76.
[13]SONG Y,LI T,ZHOU J,et al.Analysis of nanofiltration membrane performance during softening process of simulated brackish groundwater[J].Desalination,2016,399(12):159-164.
[14]姜雨薇,冉艳红.纳滤膜技术在废水处理中的应用与发展趋势[J].现代化工,2011,31(2):25-28.JIANG Y W,RAN Y H.Application of nanofiltration technology in wastewater treatment and its trends[J].Mod.Chem.Ind.,2011,31(2):25-28.
[15]MOGHEIR Y,FOUL A A,ABUHABIB A A,et al.Assessment of large scale brackish water desalination plants in the Gaza strip[J].Desalination,2013,314(4):96-100.
[16]晏云鹏,全学军,葛淑萍,等.垃圾渗滤液生化出水絮凝-纳滤处理及过程机理[J].化工学报,2015,66(6):2280-2287.YAN Y P,QUAN X J,GE S P,et al.Flocculation-nanofiltration treatment of biologically treated leachate and process mechanism[J].CIESC Journal,2015,66(6):2280-2287.
[17]ALTAEE A,SHARIF A O.Alternative design to dual stage NF seawater desalination using high rejection brackish water membranes[J].Desalination,2011,273(6):391-397.
[18]WALHA K,AMAR R B,FIRDAOUS L,et al.Brackish groundwater treatment by nanofiltration,reverse osmosis and electrodialysis in Tunisia:performance and cost comparison[J].Desalination,2007,207(3):95-106.
[19]ALTAEE A,SHARIF A O.Alternative design to dual stage NF seawater desalination using high rejection brackish water membranes[J].Desalination,2011,273(6):391-397.
[20]YOON J,AMY G,YOON Y.Transport of target anions,chromate,arsenate,and perchlorate,through RO,NF,and UF membranes[J].Water.Sci.Technol.,2005,51(6):327-334.
[21]高从堦.海水淡化及海水与苦咸水利用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007:105-111.GAO C J.Seawater Desalination and the Water Reuse for Seawater and Brackish Water[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007:105-111.
[22]刘训东,杨宏伟,杨小平,等.纳滤膜淡化苦咸水技术现状及进展[J].净水技术,2008,27(4):19-21.LIU X D,YANG H W,YANG X P,et al.The status and development of brackish water desalination with nanofiltration[J].Water.Purifi.Technol.,2008,27(4):19-21.
[23]王磊,福士宪一.影响超滤膜长期、稳定运行的因素分析[J].中国给水排水,2002,18(4):44-46.WANG L,FU S X Y.Influencing factors analysis for ultrafiltration membrane performance during the long-term operation[J].Chin.Water Wastewater,2008,18(4):44-46.
[24]CHANG H,LIANG H,QU F,et al.Towards a better hydraulic cleaning strategy for ultrafiltration membrane fouling by humic acid:effect of brackish water composition[J].J.Environ.Sci.,2016,43(5):177-186.
[25]ZAZOULI M A,NASSERI S,ULBRICHT M.Fouling effects of humic and alginic acids in nanofiltration and influence of solution composition[J].Desalination,2010,250(1):688-692.
[26]MOHAMMAD A W,TEOW Y H,ANG W L,et al.Nanofiltration membranes review:recent advances and future prospects[J].Desalination,2015,356(12):226-254.
[27]MUKHERJEE R,MONDAL M,SINHA A,et al.Application of nanofiltration membrane for treatment of chloride rich steel plant effluent[J].J.Environ.Chem.Eng.,2016,4(1):1-9.
[28]WANG J,WANG L,MIAO R,et al.Enhanced gypsum scaling by organic fouling layer on nanofiltration membrane:characteristics and mechanisms[J].Water Res.,2016,4(3):1-9.
[29]TU K L,CHIVAS A R,NGHIEM L D.Effects of membrane fouling and scaling on boron rejection by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes[J].Desalination,2011,279(3):269-277.
[30]ONG C S,GOH P S,LAU W J,et al.Nanomaterials for biofouling and scaling mitigation of thin film composite membrane:a review[J].Desalination,2016,393(S1):2-15.