不同恢复年限矿山排土场植物群落特征
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摘要
为研发适宜于干热河谷矿山排土场的生态恢复技术,采用数量生态学样方调查的方法对攀枝花地区钒钛磁铁矿区5个不同恢复年限的排土场进行植被群落特征调查,记录植物物种,计算物种重要值、群落多样性、均匀度和相似性等指标。结果表明,矿山排土场植被种类较为稀少,共36种。其中,禾本科种类最多,其次为菊科和豆科植被;扭黄茅(Heteropogon contortus)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)和碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)等草本植被在排土场优势程最大,是金属矿山排土场的耐性物种;以草本为主的灌草丛是矿山排土场植被恢复前期的优势群落类型;恢复演替过程中,物种数量和多样性均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,各物种间存在竞争淘汰关系;10年内不同恢复年限的矿山排土场植被群落间的差异性较大。
To explore an appropriate ecological recovery technology for mine dumps, a quantitative ecological sampling survey method was used to conduct a field survey of the vegetation community in five dumps in different recovery years in Panzhihua V-Ti-Magnetite zone. The vegetation species of each mine dump was recorded, and then importance value,community diversity, evenness, and community similarity were measured. Thirty-six types of plant species were identified in the mine dumps. Among the plant species, Gramineae was the largest group, followed by Compositae and Leguminosae.Herbaceous such as Heteropogon contortus, Phragmites australis, and Suaeda glauca showed the greatest superiority degrees and were tolerant to metal mine dumps. Herb-based shrubs were the dominant community type in the early stage of vegetation restoration in the mine dumps. During recovery and succession, the number and diversity of species showed an increasing trend during the initial stage, and then a decrease over time. Additionally, an interspecific competition relationship was discovered among different species. Significant differences were found among the vegetation communities of mine dumps in different recovery years.
To explore an appropriate ecological recovery technology for mine dumps, a quantitative ecological sampling survey method was used to conduct a field survey of the vegetation community in five dumps in different recovery years in Panzhihua V-Ti-Magnetite zone. The vegetation species of each mine dump was recorded, and then importance value,community diversity, evenness, and community similarity were measured. Thirty-six types of plant species were identified in the mine dumps. Among the plant species, Gramineae was the largest group, followed by Compositae and Leguminosae.Herbaceous such as Heteropogon contortus, Phragmites australis, and Suaeda glauca showed the greatest superiority degrees and were tolerant to metal mine dumps. Herb-based shrubs were the dominant community type in the early stage of vegetation restoration in the mine dumps. During recovery and succession, the number and diversity of species showed an increasing trend during the initial stage, and then a decrease over time. Additionally, an interspecific competition relationship was discovered among different species. Significant differences were found among the vegetation communities of mine dumps in different recovery years.
引文
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[21]何芳兰,金红喜,郭春秀,马俊梅,吴昊.民勤绿洲边缘人工梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林衰败过程中植被组成动态及群落相似性.中国沙漠,2017,37(6):1135-1141.HE F L,JIN H X,GUO C X,MA J M,WU H.Vegetation composition and community similarity of Haloxylon ammodendron plantations at different degree of degradation on the edge of the Minqin oasis.Journal of Desert Research,2017,37(6):1135-1141.
[22]马全林,卢琦,魏林源,靳虎甲.干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被演替过程土壤种子库变化特征.生态学报,2015,35(7):2285-2294.MA Q L,LU Q,WEI L Y,JIN H J.Varying characteristics of soil seed banks during the succession process of Nitraria tangutorun vegetation in an arid desert area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(7):2285-2294.
[23]石平.辽宁省典型有色金属矿区土壤重金属污染评价及植物修复研究.沈阳:东北大学博士学位论文,2010.SHI P.Research on soil heavy metal pollution and phytoremediation in representative nonferrous metal mine area of Liaoning province.PhD Thesis.Shenyang:Northeastern University,2010.
[24]郭涛,杨小波,廖香俊,龙文兴,李东海.海南昌江石碌铁矿尾矿库区植被调查.生态学报,2007,27(2):755-762.GUO T,YANG X B,LIAO X J,LONG W X,LI D H.Investigation on the vegetation of iron tailing wasteland on Shilu,Changjiang,Hainan province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(2):755-762.
[25]关军洪,曹钰,吴天煜,董丽.北京首云铁矿山废弃地植被修复调查研究.中国园林,2017,33(11):13-18.GUAN J H,CAO Y,WU T Y,DONG L.An investigation of revegetation in Shouyun iron mine wasteland in Beijing.Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(11):13-18.
[26]陈振峰,程文,陈增香,潘荣森,胡天寿,孙凯蕾,李东樵.矿山岩石边坡植被恢复中植物配置的研究.环保科技,2015,21(3):15-20.CHEN Z F,CHENG W,CHEN Z X,PAN R S,HU T S,SUN K L,LI D Q.Study on the plant furnishing of vegetation recovery of the mine rock slope.Environmental Protection and Technology,2015,21(3):15-20.
[27]HUANG L,ZHANG P,HU Y,ZHAO Y.Vegetation and soil restoration in refuse dumps from open pit coal mines.Ecological Engineering,2016,94:638-646.
[2]崔鹏,邹强.山洪泥石流风险评估与风险管理理论与方法.地理科学进展,2016,35(2):137-147.CUI P,ZOU Q.Theory and method of risk assessment and risk management of debris flows and flash floods.Progress in Geography,2016,35(2):137-147.
[3]胡庭先,徐争启,赵永鑫.攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿采矿废石中重金属浸出实验研究.地球科学进展,2012,27(S1):350-352.HU T X,XU Z Q,ZHAO Y X.Experimental study on heavy metal leaching of waste rock in Panzhihua V-Ti-Magnetite zone.Advances in Earth Science,2012,27(S1):350-352.
[4]饶舜.矿山土壤生态恢复技术研究.有色冶金设计与研究,2016,37(5):100-102.YAO S.Research on technology of mine soil ecological restoration.Nonferrous Metals Engineering&Research,2016,37(5):100-102.
[5]韩煜,赵伟,张淇翔,王琦,史娜娜,肖能文,全占军.不同植被恢复模式下矿山废弃地的恢复效果研究.水土保持研究,2018,25(1):120-125.HAN Y,ZHAO W,ZHANG Q X,WANG Q,SHI N N,XIAO N W,QUAN Z J.Effects of different vegetation patterns on ecological restoration in mining wasteland.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(1):120-125.
[6]傅伯杰,徐延达,吕一河.景观格局与水土流失的尺度特征与耦合方法.地球科学进展,2010,25(7):673-681.FU B J,XU Y D,LYU Y H.Scale characteristics and coupled research of landscape pattern and soil and water loss.Advances in Earth Science,2010,25(7):673-681.
[7]ZHU H X,FU B J,WANG S,ZHU L H,ZHANG L W,JIAO L,WANG C.Reducing soil erosion by improving community functional diversity in semi-arid grasslands.Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,52(4):1063-1072.
[8]苏正安,陈茜,熊东红,董一帆,孔祥,周张瑜.攀枝花矿山排土场土壤侵蚀特征和生态恢复对策.世界科技研究与发展,2015,37(4):457-460.SU Z A,CHEN Q,XIONG D H,DONG Y F,KONG X,ZHANG Z Y.Research progress in soil erosion characteristics and ecological restoration measures of mineland waste dump in Panzhihua,Sichuan,China.World SCI-TECH R&D,2015,37(4):457-460.
[9]罗成彦.地震和降雨作用的矿山排土场稳定性分析.工业安全与环保,2016,42(11):12-15.LUO C Y.Stability of mine waste dump considering earthquake and rainfall.Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection,2016,42(11):12-15.
[10]KUSIN F M,AZANI N N M,HASAN S N M S,SULONG N A.Distribution of heavy metals and metalloid in surface sediments of heavily-mined area for bauxite ore in Pengerang,Malaysia and associated risk assessment.Catena,2018,165:454-464.
[11]幸贞雄,谢振华.基于案例推理的露天矿山排土场滑坡事故预警方法研究.工业安全与环保,2016,42(7):45-48.XING Z X,XIE Z H.Research on early warning method of open-pit dump landslide accidents based on case-based reasoning.Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection,2016,42(7):45-48.
[12]LEI K,PAN H Y,LIN C Y.A landscape approach towards ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining areas.Ecological Engineering,2016,90:320-325.
[13]校亮,熊东红,张宝军,张素,吴汉,杨丹.干热河谷冲沟沟岸葛藤不同覆被状况及土壤性质差异分析.生态学报,2018,38(14):5047-5055.XIAO L,XIONG D H,ZHANG B J,ZHANG S,WU H,YANG D.Analysis of soil properties in gully banks under different coverage of Kudzu in a dry-hot valley region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(14):5047-5055.
[14]李静,程雪芬,廖萍,申枚灵,赵翀,李久楠,赵珂.攀枝花矿区糙野青茅根际耐铬放线菌筛选及促生能力评价.环境科学学报,2018,38(3):1197-1206.LI J,CHENG X F,LIAO P,SHEN M L,ZHAO C,LI J N,ZHAO K.Chromium-resistant rhizosphere actinomycetes from Deyeuxia scabrescens in Panzhihua mine area:Isolation,screening and plant growth promoting.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(3):1197-1206.
[15]谭晓娟.攀枝花钒钛矿区植物对钛的富集特性研究.四川环境,2012,31(2):46-51.TAN X J.Study on Ti accumulation by plants in the Panzhihua V-Ti mining area.Sichuan Environment,2012,31(2):46-51.
[16]周娅,杨定清,谢永红,黄惠兰,王棚.攀枝花市芒果基地土壤环境质量评价.农业环境科学学报,2010,29(S1):107-110.ZHOU Y,YANG D Q,XIE Y H,HUANG H L,WANG P.Assessment on soil environmental quality of the main mango base in Panzhihua City.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(S1):107-110.
[17]费世民,王鹏,陈秀明,魏渠河,陈宾,涂代伦.攀枝花市生物多样性与生物资源可持续性分析.四川林业科技,2002,23(3):14-22.FEI S M,WANG P,CHEN X M,WEI Q H,CHEN B,TU D L.Studies of the biodiversity and the sustainability of biotic resources in Panzhihua,Sichuan,P.R.C.Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,2002,23(3):14-22.
[18]杨超,苏正安,马菁,熊东红,董一帆,张丹,徐霞.不同近地表水文条件下矿山弃土对土壤细沟可蚀性的影响:以攀枝花盐边县龙蟒矿山为例.水土保持学报,2016,30(6):67-72.YANG C,SU Z A,MA J,XIONG D H,DONG Y F,ZHANG D,XU X.Effects of discard soil in mine on soil erodibility under different hydrological states.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(6):67-72.
[19]张金屯.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社,2011.ZHANG J T.Quantitative Ecology.Beijing:Science Press,2011.
[20]杨尚功,李向义,雷加强,朱军涛.昆仑山前山带植物群落调查及相似性初步研究.西北植物学报,2009,29(4):809-817.YANG S G,LI X Y,LEI J Q,ZHU J T.Investigation of vegetation on shallow mountain area of northern slope in middle section of Kunlun mountain.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2009,29(4):809-817.
[21]何芳兰,金红喜,郭春秀,马俊梅,吴昊.民勤绿洲边缘人工梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林衰败过程中植被组成动态及群落相似性.中国沙漠,2017,37(6):1135-1141.HE F L,JIN H X,GUO C X,MA J M,WU H.Vegetation composition and community similarity of Haloxylon ammodendron plantations at different degree of degradation on the edge of the Minqin oasis.Journal of Desert Research,2017,37(6):1135-1141.
[22]马全林,卢琦,魏林源,靳虎甲.干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被演替过程土壤种子库变化特征.生态学报,2015,35(7):2285-2294.MA Q L,LU Q,WEI L Y,JIN H J.Varying characteristics of soil seed banks during the succession process of Nitraria tangutorun vegetation in an arid desert area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(7):2285-2294.
[23]石平.辽宁省典型有色金属矿区土壤重金属污染评价及植物修复研究.沈阳:东北大学博士学位论文,2010.SHI P.Research on soil heavy metal pollution and phytoremediation in representative nonferrous metal mine area of Liaoning province.PhD Thesis.Shenyang:Northeastern University,2010.
[24]郭涛,杨小波,廖香俊,龙文兴,李东海.海南昌江石碌铁矿尾矿库区植被调查.生态学报,2007,27(2):755-762.GUO T,YANG X B,LIAO X J,LONG W X,LI D H.Investigation on the vegetation of iron tailing wasteland on Shilu,Changjiang,Hainan province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(2):755-762.
[25]关军洪,曹钰,吴天煜,董丽.北京首云铁矿山废弃地植被修复调查研究.中国园林,2017,33(11):13-18.GUAN J H,CAO Y,WU T Y,DONG L.An investigation of revegetation in Shouyun iron mine wasteland in Beijing.Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(11):13-18.
[26]陈振峰,程文,陈增香,潘荣森,胡天寿,孙凯蕾,李东樵.矿山岩石边坡植被恢复中植物配置的研究.环保科技,2015,21(3):15-20.CHEN Z F,CHENG W,CHEN Z X,PAN R S,HU T S,SUN K L,LI D Q.Study on the plant furnishing of vegetation recovery of the mine rock slope.Environmental Protection and Technology,2015,21(3):15-20.
[27]HUANG L,ZHANG P,HU Y,ZHAO Y.Vegetation and soil restoration in refuse dumps from open pit coal mines.Ecological Engineering,2016,94:638-646.
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