水深对沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)生长的影响
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摘要
水深是影响浅水湖泊沉水植物生长的主要因素之一.莲座型苦草(Vallisneria natans)和冠层型穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)是我国长江中下游浅水湖泊中常见的沉水植物种类,二者在形态特征上具有较大的差异.在自然水体中,水深变化对这两种植物的生长以及竞争格局的影响还有待研究.本文设计了3个水深梯度(水深0.5、1.5、2.5 m),探讨混栽条件下苦草和穗花狐尾藻生长和竞争格局对水深变化的响应.结果显示在实验系统内,中水深(1.5 m)处理组对两种植物的生长均最有利,表现为两种植物的相对生长率和生物量均最高.低水深(0.5 m)处理组苦草的生物量和相对生长率均显著低于高水深(2.5 m)处理组;穗花狐尾藻则相反,高水深对其生长的抑制作用更大. 2种沉水植物在高水深胁迫时均表现出地上部分(叶长或茎长)增加,地下部分(根长)减少的形态响应特征.此外,随着水深由高到低,苦草与穗花狐尾藻生物量之比逐渐减小,表明苦草在两种植物中的竞争优势逐渐降低.研究表明湖泊水深变化不仅能够影响沉水植物的丰度,同时还可能会影响沉水植物的群落结构,而在我国浅水湖泊的生态修复实践中,在通过水位调控恢复沉水植物时,调控范围应考虑目标植物(如苦草)的光合特征.
Water depth is one of the primary factors that affected submerged macrophyte growth. The rosette plant( Vallisneria natans) and canopy plant( Myriophyllum spicatum) are two common submerged macrophyte species in lakes of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River,China. The two species differ greatly in morphological characteristics. How the fluctuation of water depth could affect their growth and their competitive patterns remains to be studied. In this study,three water depth levels( 0.5 m,1.5 m and 2.5 m) were established to explore the responses of growth and competitive patterns of the two plant species to water depth under the condition of mixed planting. Our results showed that both macrophyte species favored in moderate water depth( 1.5 m) environment,with highest values of plant biomass and relative growth rate( RGR) in this water depth. The biomass and RGR of V.natans in low water depth treatment( 0.5 m) were significantly lower than that in high water depth treatment( 2.5 m). However,the opposite pattern was observed in M. spicatum,high water depth treatment has a greater repression effect on its growth. The two species showed the similar responses in morphology,with the indictors of the aboveground part( leaf length or shoot length) increased and that of the underground parts( root length) decreased under the stress of high water depth. Moreover,the biomass ratios of V. natans to M. spicatum are gradually reduced with the water depth,indicated that the competitive advantage of V. natans were increased with water depth. Our study indicates that water depth fluctuations in lakes may affect not only the abundance of submerged macrophytes,but also their community structure. In restoration of shallow lakes,our study suggests that the photosynthetic characteristics of the key species( such as V. natans) should be fully considered when adjusting water levels to rebuild submerged macrophytes.
Water depth is one of the primary factors that affected submerged macrophyte growth. The rosette plant( Vallisneria natans) and canopy plant( Myriophyllum spicatum) are two common submerged macrophyte species in lakes of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River,China. The two species differ greatly in morphological characteristics. How the fluctuation of water depth could affect their growth and their competitive patterns remains to be studied. In this study,three water depth levels( 0.5 m,1.5 m and 2.5 m) were established to explore the responses of growth and competitive patterns of the two plant species to water depth under the condition of mixed planting. Our results showed that both macrophyte species favored in moderate water depth( 1.5 m) environment,with highest values of plant biomass and relative growth rate( RGR) in this water depth. The biomass and RGR of V.natans in low water depth treatment( 0.5 m) were significantly lower than that in high water depth treatment( 2.5 m). However,the opposite pattern was observed in M. spicatum,high water depth treatment has a greater repression effect on its growth. The two species showed the similar responses in morphology,with the indictors of the aboveground part( leaf length or shoot length) increased and that of the underground parts( root length) decreased under the stress of high water depth. Moreover,the biomass ratios of V. natans to M. spicatum are gradually reduced with the water depth,indicated that the competitive advantage of V. natans were increased with water depth. Our study indicates that water depth fluctuations in lakes may affect not only the abundance of submerged macrophytes,but also their community structure. In restoration of shallow lakes,our study suggests that the photosynthetic characteristics of the key species( such as V. natans) should be fully considered when adjusting water levels to rebuild submerged macrophytes.
引文
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[2] Scheffer M,Hosper SH,Meijer ML et al. Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology&Evolution,1993,8(8):275-279. DOI:org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90254-M.
[3] Jeppesen E,Sndergaard M,Sndergaard M et al. The structuring role of submerged macrophytes in lakes. Ecological Studies,1998,131:427-441. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4612-0695-8.
[4] Stansfield JH,Perrow MR,Tench LD et al. Submerged macrophytes as refuges for grazing Cladocera against fish[-3pt]predation:observations on seasonal changes in relation to macrophyte cover and predation pressure. Hydrobiologia,1997,342-343(1):229-240. DOI:10.1007/978-94-011-5648-6.
[5] Maceina M,Bettoli P,Klussmann W et al. Effect of aquatic macrophyte removal on recruitment and growth of black crappies and white crappies in Lake Conroe,Texas. North American Journal of Fisheries Management,1991,11(4):556-563. DOI:10.1577/1548-8675(1991)011.
[6] Moss B. Engineering and biological approaches to the restoration from eutrophication of shallow lakes in which aquatic plant communities are important components. Hydrobiologia,1990,200-201(1):367-377.
[7] Li P. Researchs on the relationships between periphytic algae,phytoplankton and Vallisneria natans[Dissertation]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2012.[李佩.附着藻类及浮游植物与苦草的相互关系研究[学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学,2012.]
[8] Middelboe AL,Markager S. Depth limits and minimum light requirements of freshwater macrophytes. Freshwater Biology,1997,37(3):553-568. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00183.x.
[9] Chambers PA,Kaiff J. Depth distribution and biomass of submersed aquatic macrophyte communities in relation to Secchi depth. Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,1985,42(42):701-709.
[10] Li L,Bonser SP,Lan Z et al. Water depth affects reproductive allocation and reproductive allometry in the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria natans. Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):16842. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-16719-1.
[11] Li L,Lan Z,Chen J et al. Allocation to clonal and sexual reproduction and its plasticity in Vallisneria spinulosa along a waterdepth gradient. Ecosphere,2018,9(1):e02070.10.1002/ecs2.2070.
[12] Beklioglu M,Altinayar G,Tan CO. Water level control over submerged macrophyte development in five shallow lakes of Mediterranean Turkey. Archiv für Hydrobiologie,2006,166(4):535-556. DOI:10.1127/0003-9136/2006/0166-0535.
[13] Karl EH,Donald F,Steven G et al. Aquatic vegetation and largemouth bass population responses to water-level variations in Lake Okeechobee,Florida(USA). Hydrobiologia,2005,539(1):225-237. DOI:10.1007/s10750-004-4876-1.
[14] Geest GJV,Wolters H,Roozen FCJM et al. Water-level fluctuations affect macrophyte richness in floodplain lakes. Hydrobiologia,2005,539(1):239-248. DOI:10.1007/s10750-004-4879-y.
[15] Li DH,Yang S,Fang T et al. Recovery of aquatic macrophytes by use of water level regulation method in eutrophicated lakes—A case study of Wuli Lake,Wuxi city. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,31(12):59-62.[李敦海,杨劭,方涛等.水位调控法恢复富营养化水体沉水植物技术研究———以无锡五里湖为例.环境科学与技术,2008,31(12):59-62.]
[16] Yu JL,Liu ZW,Li KY et al. Restoration of shallow lakes in subtropical and tropical China:response of nutrients and water clarity to biomanipulation by fish removal and submerged plant transplantation. Water,2016,(8). DOI:10.3390/w8100438.
[17] Liu ZW,He H,Hu JR et al. Successful restoration of a tropical shallow eutrophic lake:strong bottom-up but weak topdown effects recorded. Water Research,2018,146(2018):88-97. DOI:org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.007.
[18] Chambers PA,Prepas EE. Competition and coexistence in submerged aquatic plant communities:the effects of species interacttions versus abiotic factors. Freshwater Biology,2010,23(3):541-550. DOI:10. 1111/j. 1365-2427.1990.tb00293.x.
[19] Gao F,Zhang YM,Fei Y et al. Growth and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics responses of four submersed macrophytes to rising water level. Journal of Ecology&Rural Environment,2017,33(4):341-348.[高汾,张毅敏,杨飞等.水位抬升对4种沉水植物生长及光合特性的影响.生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(4):341-348.]
[20] Min FL,Zuo JC,Liu BY et al. Competition between Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara at different growth stages. Plant Science Journal,2016,34(1):47-55. DOI:10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2016.10047.[闵奋力,左进城,刘碧云等.穗状狐尾藻与不同生长期苦草种间竞争研究.植物科学学报,2016,34(1):47-55.]
[21] Strand JA,Weisner SEB. Morphological plastic responses to water depth and wave exposure in an aquatic plant(Myriophyllum spicatum). Journal of Ecology,2001,89(2):166-175. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00530.x.
[22] Ge FJ,Liu BY,Lu ZY et al. Effects of light intensity on growth and phenolic contents of Myriophyllum spicatum. Environmental Science&Technology,2012,35(3):30-34.[葛芳杰,刘碧云,鲁志营等.穗花狐尾藻生长及酚类物质含量对光照强度的响应研究.环境科学与技术,2012,35(3):30-34.]
[23] Liu WL,Hu WP,Chen YG et al. Temporal and spatial variation of aquatic macrophytes in west Taihu Lake. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(1):159-170. DOI:1000-0933(2007)01-0159-12.[刘伟龙,胡维平,陈永根等.西太湖水生植物时空变化.生态学报,2007,27(1):159-170.]
[24] Jin XC,Tu QY eds. Lake eutrophication investigation specification:The second edition. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990.[金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范(第二版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.]
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