青岛海水浴场多重耐药菌的分布特征研究
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摘要
为研究海水浴场中的多重耐药菌(multidrug-resistant organism,MDRO)的分布情况、耐药特征及种属,通过抗性筛选平板筛选MDRO,利用K-B纸片法测定其对15种常见抗生素的敏感度,再根据16s rDNA序列同源性比对鉴定MDRO的种属。结果 :从271株可培养的海水细菌中筛选到60(22.1%)株MDRO,60株MDRO对15种药敏纸片的耐药率在31.6%-81.7%之间,其中对磺胺类、氨基糖苷类和磷霉素类抗生素的耐药率较高,对链霉素耐药率最高(81.7%);对链霉素、四环素耐药基因与耐药表型的相关性分析表明,MDRO的耐药性与耐药基因的检出率显著相关;60株MDRO分属于24个菌属,其中寡养单胞菌属占比最大(16%),其次分别为微杆菌属(13%)、短波单胞菌属(8%)、葡萄球菌属(8%)。实验结果揭示了青岛海水浴场的MDRO污染较严重,且多样性丰富,对常见抗生素表现出较强的耐药性。
In order to study the distribution,drug resistance and species of multidrug-resistant bacteria(MDRB)in the bathing beach,MDRB were screened by resistance screening plates,and their sensitivities to 15 common antibiotics were determined by K-B paper method,and the species of MDRB were identified by 16 s rDNA sequence homology alignment. The results showed that 60(22.1%)MDRB were screened from 271 cultivable seawater bacteria,and their resistance rates to 15 drug-sensitive papers ranged from 31.6% to 81.7%;their resistance rates to sulfonamides,aminoglycosides and fosfomycin were high,and the highest(81.7%)to streptomycin. Correlation analysis between streptomycin,tetracycline-resistant genes and drug-resistant phenotypes demonstrated that the drug resistance of MDRB was significantly correlated with the detection rate of drug-resistant genes. The 60 strains of MDRB belonged to 24 genera,of which the genus Stenotrophil accounted for the largest proportion(16%),followed by Microbacterium(13%),Pseudomonas(8%),Staphylococcus(8%).The experimental results reveal that the MDRB pollution in Qingdao bathing beach is serious and rich in diversity,and the MDRB present strong resistances to common antibiotics.
In order to study the distribution,drug resistance and species of multidrug-resistant bacteria(MDRB)in the bathing beach,MDRB were screened by resistance screening plates,and their sensitivities to 15 common antibiotics were determined by K-B paper method,and the species of MDRB were identified by 16 s rDNA sequence homology alignment. The results showed that 60(22.1%)MDRB were screened from 271 cultivable seawater bacteria,and their resistance rates to 15 drug-sensitive papers ranged from 31.6% to 81.7%;their resistance rates to sulfonamides,aminoglycosides and fosfomycin were high,and the highest(81.7%)to streptomycin. Correlation analysis between streptomycin,tetracycline-resistant genes and drug-resistant phenotypes demonstrated that the drug resistance of MDRB was significantly correlated with the detection rate of drug-resistant genes. The 60 strains of MDRB belonged to 24 genera,of which the genus Stenotrophil accounted for the largest proportion(16%),followed by Microbacterium(13%),Pseudomonas(8%),Staphylococcus(8%).The experimental results reveal that the MDRB pollution in Qingdao bathing beach is serious and rich in diversity,and the MDRB present strong resistances to common antibiotics.
引文
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[24]艾效曼,胡云建,胡志东.2012年中国CHINET嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌耐药性监测[J].中国感染与化疗杂志,2014,14(6):488-492.
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[26]冯福英,郑宗富,王淑萍,李华.缺陷短波单胞菌致腹膜炎1例[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2009,19(9):1074-1074.
[27]Elmir SM,Wright ME,Abdelzaher A,et al.Quantitative evaluation of bacteria released by bathers in a marine water[J].Water Res,2007,41(1):3-10.
[2]许建文,史道华.万古霉素耐药肠球菌耐药机制的研究进展[J].中国抗生素杂志,2016,41(5):329-334.
[3]Gerard D.The antibiotic resistome:the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2007,5(3):175-186.
[4]Davies SC,Fowler T,Watson J,et al.Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer:infection and the rise of antimicrobial resistance[J].Lancet,2013,381(9878):1606-1609.
[5]Ashbolt NJ,Amezquita A,Backhaus T,et al.Human health risk assessment(HHRA)for environmental development and transfer of antibiotic resistance[J].Environ Health Perspect,2013,121(9):993-1001.
[6]Manaia CM.Assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to humans:non-direct proportionality between abundance and risk[J].Trends Microbiol,2017,25(3):173-181.
[7]Chandrasekaran S,Venkatesh B,Lalithakumari D.Transfer and expression of a multiple antibiotic resistance plasmid in marine bacteria[J].Curr Microbiol,1998,37(5):347-351.
[8]王玥,苏洁,明红霞,关道明.大连星海浴场中大肠杆菌耐药性分析[J].海洋环境科学,2016,35(1):113-116.
[9]Leonard AFC,Gaze WH,Singer A,et al.Is it safe to go back in the water?A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of acquiring infections from recreational exposure to seawater[J].International Journal of Epidemiology,2018,47(2):572-586.
[10]石岩,明红霞,马玉娟.用肠球菌评价大连海水浴场人体健康风险[J].应用与环境生物学报,2016,22(6):1161-1166.
[11]Soraas A,Sundsfjord A,Sandven I,et al.Risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae-a case-control study in a low prevalence country[J].PLoS One,2013,8(7):1-7.
[12]CLSI.M100-S24 Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Twentieth-four informational supplement[S].Wayne:Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,2014.
[13]Sunde M,Norstr?m M.The prevalence of,associations between and conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from Norwegian meat and meat products[J].The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy,2006,58(4):741-747.
[14]Ye C,Bai X,Zhang J,et al.Spread of Streptococcus suis Sequence Type 7,China[J].Emerging Infectious Diseases,2008,14(5):787-791.
[15]WHO.Guidelines for safe recreational water environments:volume 1,coastal and fresh waters[M].Geneva:World Health Organization,2003.
[16]Fernandes Cardoso de Oliveira AJ,Ranzani de Fran?a PT,Pinto AB.Antimicrobial resistance of heterotrophic marine bacteria isolated from seawater and sands of recreational beaches with different organic pollution levels in southeastern Brazil:evidences of resistance dissemination[J].Environ Monit Assess,2010,169(1-4):375-384.
[17]Tam HK,Wong CM,Yong ST,et al.Multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria from the maritime Antarctic[J].Polar Biology,2015,38(8):1129-1141.
[18]写腊月,胡琳琳,房文红.海水养殖源弧菌耐药性调查与分析[J].海洋渔业,2011,33(4):442-446.
[19]李壹,曲凌云,朱鹏飞.山东地区海水养殖区常见抗生素耐药菌及耐药基因分布特征[J].海洋环境科学,2016,35(1):55-62.
[20]Andrade VD,Zampieri B,Ballesteros ER.Densities and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from marine waters and beach sands[J].Environ Monit Assess,2015,187:342.[J].Environ Monit Assess,2015,187(6):342-342.
[21]Abou-Elela GM,El-Sersy NA,Abd-Elnaby H.Distribution and bio-diversity of fecal indicators and potentially harmful pathogens in North Delta(Egypt)[J].Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,2009,3(4):3374-3385.
[22]Efuntoye MO.Study of antibiotic sensitivity pattern and enetrotoxigenicity of Staphylococci isolated from swimming pools in Ibadan,Nigeria[J].World Applied Science Journal,2010,9(11):1324-1327.
[23]支威,马海燕,仇永凤,等.猪源沙门氏菌耐药性及耐药基因的分析[J].生物技术通报,2018,34(3):170-176.
[24]艾效曼,胡云建,胡志东.2012年中国CHINET嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌耐药性监测[J].中国感染与化疗杂志,2014,14(6):488-492.
[25]耿会娟,刘维生,伊正君.缺陷短波单胞菌致颅内感染1例[J].中国感染控制杂志,2013,12(2):156-156.
[26]冯福英,郑宗富,王淑萍,李华.缺陷短波单胞菌致腹膜炎1例[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2009,19(9):1074-1074.
[27]Elmir SM,Wright ME,Abdelzaher A,et al.Quantitative evaluation of bacteria released by bathers in a marine water[J].Water Res,2007,41(1):3-10.