膜下滴灌花生适宜追肥时期和次数研究
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摘要
【目的】为建立节水省肥高效花生栽培技术体系,本文研究了膜下滴灌追肥时期和次数对花生生长发育和产量的影响,明确膜下滴灌条件下花生高产栽培适宜的追肥时期和次数,探究出适用于花生生产的高效水肥一体化管理方式。【方法】于2017年在青岛农业大学胶州现代科技示范园,以花生品种青花7号为试材,进行了一垄双行膜下滴灌施肥田间试验。以不灌水不追肥为对照(CK),在花生生育期间施肥总量相同的前提下,设置7种追肥方式,分别为:花针期追施1次肥(N),结荚期追施1次肥(P),饱果期追施1次肥(F),花针期和结荚期分别追施1次肥(NP),花针期和饱果期分别追施1次肥(NF),结荚期和饱果期分别追施1次肥(PF),花针期、结荚期和饱果期分别追施1次肥(NPF),共8个处理。分别于花针期施肥前1天和施肥后12天、结荚期施肥前1天和施肥后12天、饱果期施肥前1天和施肥后12天、收获期取样,调查入土果针数和未入土果针数、单株荚果数。在收获期测定荚果产量、百果重、百仁重、荚果数、籽仁重、出仁率。【结果】就追肥时期而言,追肥效果为花针期>结荚期>饱果期;就追肥次数而言,2～3次追肥效果优于1次追肥。花生生育期间只追肥1次的情况下,以花针期追肥增产幅度最高,结荚期追肥次之,饱果期追肥最低,分别较对照增产18%、15%和8%;花生生育期间追肥2次,则以花针期和结荚期追肥增产幅度最高,花针期和饱果期追肥次之,结荚期和饱果期追肥最低,分别较对照增产38%、24%和20%;花生生育期间追肥3次(花针期、结荚期和饱果期),较对照增产27%。各处理比对照花生百果重分别增加5%、6%、7%、15%、11%、11%、15%;百仁重分别增加1%、3%、2%、5%、5%、6%和7%;荚果数分别提高23%、21%、17%、51%、30%、36%和49%;籽仁重分别提高14%、21%、18%、43%、23%、27%和30%;出仁率分别提高5%、2%、2%、5%、3%、3%和5%。【结论】在本试验条件下,追肥时期越早、前期追肥量越大越有利于促进花生果针的形成、入土和结果。综合考虑滴灌追肥成本及效益,花生生育期内追肥2次,即在花针期和结荚期追肥对花生生长和产量表现最优,可作为花生水肥一体高效施肥管理措施。
【Objectives】In order to establish a high efficiency peanut cultivation technology system for water and fertilizer saving, this paper studied the effect of different topdressing timings and frequencies on peanut growth and yield under underneath film mulched drip fertigation. Based on the results, it was determined the suitable topdressing timings and frequencies for high-yield peanut under mulched drip fertigation, and explored a high-efficiency integrated water and fertilizer management mode for peanut production.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted using peanut cultivar of Arachis hypogaea Linn. cv. Qinghua7 as material in Jiaozhou Modern Science and Technology Demonstrative Plantation of Qingdao Agricultural University in 2017. Plastic film was mulched on one ridge and a drip irrigation tube was underneath for 2 rows of peanut water supply.Taking no fertigation as control(CK), seven topdressing treatments were set with the same amount of fertilizer,they were: once topdressing in needling period(N), in podding period(P) and in full fruiting period(F), and twice topdressings in needling + podding periods(NP), in needling + full fruiting periods(NF), and in podding + full fruiting periods(PF), and thrice topdressings in needling + podding + full fruiting periods(NPF). Seven samplings were made at 1 day before flower needle stage fertigation and 12 days after, 1 day before podding stage fertigation and 12 days after, 1 day before full fruiting stage fertigation and 12 days after, and harvest period. Needle number intruding soil surface and that still stagnated on ground and fruit number per plant of peanut under different topdressing treatments were investigated and analyzed, and the pod yield, 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, valid pod number, seed weight per plant and shelling percentage were measured at harvest time.【Results】As to topdressing timing, the effect of topdressing in the flowering needle period was better than that in pod-setting and full fruiting periods, but as for the topdressing frequency, the effects of twice or thrice topdressings were better than once. In case of once topdressing, treatment N made the highest yield, next to it was P and the lowest was F.Compared to CK, the yield increased by 18.3%, 15.4% and 8.1%, respectively. As for twice topdressing, the highest yield increase was with NP, followed by NF and the lowest was PF. Their yields were increased by 38.0%,23.7% and 19.7% respectively. The yield under NPF was increased by 26.5%. Compared to CK, the peanut 100-pod weights in treatment N, P, F, NP, NF, PF and NPF were increased by 5%, 6%, 7%, 15%, 11%, 11% and 15%,respectively; 100-seed weights increased by 1%, 3%, 2%, 5%, 5%, 6% and 7%, respectively; the pod number per plant increased by 23%, 21%, 17%, 51%, 30%, 36% and 49%, respectively; seed weights per plant increased by14%, 21%, 18%, 43%, 23%, 27% and 30%, respectively; and percentage of shelling increased by 5%, 2%, 2%,5%, 3%, 3% and 5%, respectively.【Conclusions】Under the conditions of this experiment, earlier and more frequencies of topdressing are conducive to promote the fruit needle formation and intrusion, thus lead to higher biomass and pod yield. Considering the cost and benefit of topdressing, twice topdressings in flowering needle and pod-setting periods is recommended as a high-efficient fertigation measurement for peanut production.
【Objectives】In order to establish a high efficiency peanut cultivation technology system for water and fertilizer saving, this paper studied the effect of different topdressing timings and frequencies on peanut growth and yield under underneath film mulched drip fertigation. Based on the results, it was determined the suitable topdressing timings and frequencies for high-yield peanut under mulched drip fertigation, and explored a high-efficiency integrated water and fertilizer management mode for peanut production.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted using peanut cultivar of Arachis hypogaea Linn. cv. Qinghua7 as material in Jiaozhou Modern Science and Technology Demonstrative Plantation of Qingdao Agricultural University in 2017. Plastic film was mulched on one ridge and a drip irrigation tube was underneath for 2 rows of peanut water supply.Taking no fertigation as control(CK), seven topdressing treatments were set with the same amount of fertilizer,they were: once topdressing in needling period(N), in podding period(P) and in full fruiting period(F), and twice topdressings in needling + podding periods(NP), in needling + full fruiting periods(NF), and in podding + full fruiting periods(PF), and thrice topdressings in needling + podding + full fruiting periods(NPF). Seven samplings were made at 1 day before flower needle stage fertigation and 12 days after, 1 day before podding stage fertigation and 12 days after, 1 day before full fruiting stage fertigation and 12 days after, and harvest period. Needle number intruding soil surface and that still stagnated on ground and fruit number per plant of peanut under different topdressing treatments were investigated and analyzed, and the pod yield, 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, valid pod number, seed weight per plant and shelling percentage were measured at harvest time.【Results】As to topdressing timing, the effect of topdressing in the flowering needle period was better than that in pod-setting and full fruiting periods, but as for the topdressing frequency, the effects of twice or thrice topdressings were better than once. In case of once topdressing, treatment N made the highest yield, next to it was P and the lowest was F.Compared to CK, the yield increased by 18.3%, 15.4% and 8.1%, respectively. As for twice topdressing, the highest yield increase was with NP, followed by NF and the lowest was PF. Their yields were increased by 38.0%,23.7% and 19.7% respectively. The yield under NPF was increased by 26.5%. Compared to CK, the peanut 100-pod weights in treatment N, P, F, NP, NF, PF and NPF were increased by 5%, 6%, 7%, 15%, 11%, 11% and 15%,respectively; 100-seed weights increased by 1%, 3%, 2%, 5%, 5%, 6% and 7%, respectively; the pod number per plant increased by 23%, 21%, 17%, 51%, 30%, 36% and 49%, respectively; seed weights per plant increased by14%, 21%, 18%, 43%, 23%, 27% and 30%, respectively; and percentage of shelling increased by 5%, 2%, 2%,5%, 3%, 3% and 5%, respectively.【Conclusions】Under the conditions of this experiment, earlier and more frequencies of topdressing are conducive to promote the fruit needle formation and intrusion, thus lead to higher biomass and pod yield. Considering the cost and benefit of topdressing, twice topdressings in flowering needle and pod-setting periods is recommended as a high-efficient fertigation measurement for peanut production.
引文
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[2]杜红亮,费洪平,宋金平.我国花生产业优势与问题分析[J].花生学报,2003,32(3):8-14.Du H L,Fei H P,Song J P.An analysis of advantages and disadvantages of peanut industry in China[J].Journal of Peanut Science,2003,32(3):8-14.
[3]杨海棠,王伟,马东波.中国北方地区花生栽培技术的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2004,20(4):169-170,176.Yang H T,Wang W,Ma D B.Advances in the research of peanut cultivation in northern China[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2004,20(4):169-170,176.
[4]夏桂敏,陈高明,陈锋,等.膜下滴灌的不同补灌处理对花生田间水分、耗水量及产量的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2015,46(6):713-718.Xia G M,Chen G M,Chen F,et al.The impact of different supplemental irrigation treatments on water content,water consumption and yield in peanut field under film-mulched drip irrigation[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2015,46(6):713-718.
[5]胡宝忱,李绍会.花生膜下滴灌节水高产栽培技术[J].园艺与种苗,2013,(5):6-8.Hu B C,Li S H.Water saving and high yield cultivation techniques of peanut with drip irrigation under plastic membrane[J].Horticulture&Seed,2013,(5):6-8.
[6]陈天宇.膜下滴灌施氮次数与施氮量对玉米产量和氮素积累的影响[D].黑龙江大庆:黑龙江八一农垦大学博士学位论文,2016.Chen T Y.Effects of nitrogen and nitrogen times on maize yield and nitrogen accumulation under mulched drip irrigation[D].Daqing,Heilongjiang:PhD Dissertation of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,2016.
[7]栾春胜,任大赫.不同追肥次数对烤烟产质量的影响[A].中国烟草学会.中国烟草学会2016年度优秀论文汇编-烟草农业主题[C].北京:中国烟草学会,2016.Luan C S,Ren D H.Effect of different application times on yield quality of flue-cured tobacco[A].China Tobacco Society.China Tobacco Society in 2016:tobacco agriculture theme[C].Beijing:China Tobacco Society,2016.
[8]丁宁,姜远茂,彭福田,等.分次追施氮肥对红富士苹果叶片衰老及15N吸收、利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(3):758-764.Ding N,Jiang Y M,Peng F T,et al.Studies on leaf senescence and15N-urea absorption and utilization of‘Fuji’apple in response to topdressing nitrogen application[J].Plant Nutrition Fertilizer Science,2012,18(3):758-764.
[9]周录英.不同肥料运筹对花生生理性状及产量品质的影响[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学博士学位论文,2006.Zhou L Y.The effect of operational applying different fertilizer on some physiological characteristics and yield and kernel quality of peanut[D].Tai’an,Shandong:PhD Dissertation of Shandong Agricultural University,2006.
[10]赵志强.花生钼营养研究综述[J].花生科技,1997,(3):23-26.Zhao Z Q.Review of studies on peanut molybdenum nutrition[J].Peanut Science and Technology,1997,(3):23-26.
[11]杜应琼,廖新荣,黄志尧,等.硼钼对花生氮代谢的影响[J].作物学报,2010,36(4):645-654.Du Y Q,Liao X R,Huang Z Y,et al.Effect of boron and molybdenum on nitrogen metabolism of peanut[J].Acta Agronmica.Sinica,2010,36(4):645-654.
[12]杜应琼,廖新荣,何江华,等.施用硼钼对花生生长发育和产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):229-233.Du Y Q,Liao X R,He J H,et al.Effects of boron and molybdenum on growth and yield of peanut[J].Plant Nutrition Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):229-233.
[13]李晓玲,刘普海,成自勇,等.不同灌溉方式下玉米节水增产效果实验研究[J].节水灌溉,2001,12(3):7-9.Li X L,Liu P H,Cheng Z Y,et al.Experimental research on effect of water-saving and yield increase for maize under different irrigation techniques[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2001,12(3):7-9.
[14]刘一龙,张忠学,郭亚芬,等.膜下滴灌条件下不同灌溉制度的玉米产量与水分利用效应[J].东北农业大学学报,2010,41(10):53-56.Liu Y L,Zhang Z X,Guo Y F,et al.Corn yield and water using efficiency of different irrigation schedule with the drip irrigation under mulch[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2010,41(10):53-56.
[15]刘建国,吕新,王登伟,等.膜下滴灌对棉田生态环境及作物生长的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(3):333-335.Liu J G,Lv X,Wang D W,et al.Effects of drip irrigation under mulch film on environment factors and growth on cotton field[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2005,21(3):333-335.
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