黄土丘陵第三副区典型淤地坝系结构特征分析
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摘要
为科学认识黄土丘陵区淤地坝系结构特征,对黄土丘陵区第三副区车路沟坝系沟道特征、库容分布特征、泥沙淤积及蓄水量分布特征进行了总结,并对坝系的级联方式进行了解析,对把口站的水沙变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明:(1)车路沟流域随着沟道级别的提高,沟道平均面积增大,平均沟长增加,平均比降减小;Ⅰ级沟道小型坝的数量最多,Ⅱ级沟道中型坝数量最多,Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级沟道则以骨干坝建设为主。(2)随着沟道级别的提高,骨干坝的总库容、设计防洪库容和设计淤积库容表现为逐渐增大,中型坝、小型坝的总库容和设计防洪库容表现为逐渐减小,设计淤积库容先增大后减小。(3)车路沟坝系中型坝和小型坝的设计淤积库容已经几乎淤满,而骨干坝还剩余较大的淤积库容。(4)车路上游坝系单元通过拦蓄洪水泥沙为下游主沟的淤地坝减轻防洪压力,坝系单元内部各中小型坝尽快淤积成地,车路沟坝系仍有较大的淤地潜力;随着车路沟淤地坝系的建设,流域把口站的水沙趋势发生了明显变化。研究成果以期为黄土高原淤地坝系建设管理提供参考。
In order to scientifically understand the structural characteristics of check dam system in loess hilly region, we summarize the characteristics of gully channel, reservoir capacity distribution, sediment deposition and water storage distribution in the third subregion of the loess hilly region, as well as analyze the cascade mode of the check dam system and the variation trend of water and sediment at the gate station. The results showed that:(1) as the channel level increased, the average channel area increased, the average groove length increased, and the average ratio decreased; the number of class Ⅰ channel small dams was the largest, the number of class Ⅱ channel medium dams was the largest, as well as the class Ⅲ and class Ⅳ channels were mainly based on backbone dams;(2) as the channel level increased, the total storage capacity, the designed flood storage capacity and the designed deposition capacity of the key dams were gradually increasing, while the total storage capacity and design flood storage capacity of medium dams and small dams gradually reduced, as well as the designed siltation capacity was first increased and then decreased;(3) the designed silt capacity of medium and small dams was almost full, while the key dams still had a large siltation capacity in the dam system of Chelugou waterhsed;(4) the upstream dam system reduced the flood control pressure of dams which are located in the downstream main ditch by holding back the flood and silt; the small and medium dams inside the dam system were silted into the ground as soon as possible, and the Chelugou dam system still had a large potential for siltation. With the construction of Chelugou check dam system, the trend of water and sediment had changed obviously in the outlet station of the watershed. The research results are intended to provide a scientific reference for the construction and management of check dams system on the Loess Plateau.
In order to scientifically understand the structural characteristics of check dam system in loess hilly region, we summarize the characteristics of gully channel, reservoir capacity distribution, sediment deposition and water storage distribution in the third subregion of the loess hilly region, as well as analyze the cascade mode of the check dam system and the variation trend of water and sediment at the gate station. The results showed that:(1) as the channel level increased, the average channel area increased, the average groove length increased, and the average ratio decreased; the number of class Ⅰ channel small dams was the largest, the number of class Ⅱ channel medium dams was the largest, as well as the class Ⅲ and class Ⅳ channels were mainly based on backbone dams;(2) as the channel level increased, the total storage capacity, the designed flood storage capacity and the designed deposition capacity of the key dams were gradually increasing, while the total storage capacity and design flood storage capacity of medium dams and small dams gradually reduced, as well as the designed siltation capacity was first increased and then decreased;(3) the designed silt capacity of medium and small dams was almost full, while the key dams still had a large siltation capacity in the dam system of Chelugou waterhsed;(4) the upstream dam system reduced the flood control pressure of dams which are located in the downstream main ditch by holding back the flood and silt; the small and medium dams inside the dam system were silted into the ground as soon as possible, and the Chelugou dam system still had a large potential for siltation. With the construction of Chelugou check dam system, the trend of water and sediment had changed obviously in the outlet station of the watershed. The research results are intended to provide a scientific reference for the construction and management of check dams system on the Loess Plateau.
引文
[1] 刘晓燕,高云飞,王富贵.黄土高原仍有拦沙能力的淤地坝数量及分布[J].人民黄河,2017,39(4):1-5.
[2] 张晓明.黄土高原小流域淤地坝系优化研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[3] 郑宝明,田永宏,郭玉梅.黄土丘陵沟壑区第一副区小流域坝系建设理论与实践[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2004.
[4] 李斌斌.下垫面变化情况下黄土丘陵沟壑区坝系优化配置研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2009.
[5] 蔺明华,王志意,段文中.淤地坝研究的回顾与展望[J].中国水利,2003(17):62-64.
[6] 武永昌,黄林.骨干坝系最佳建筑时间的存在条件及实际淤积期的计算[J].中国水土保持,1995(6):91-96.
[7] 秦向阳,郑新民.小流域治沟骨干坝系优化规划模型研究[J].中国水土保持,1994(1):18-22.
[8] 蔺明华,程益民.小流域坝系优化规划模型及其应用[J].人民黄河,1995(11):29-33.
[9] 刘志刚,龚建华.黄土高原小流域坝系规划决策支持系统研究[J].人民黄河,2017,39(12):85-89.
[10] 王丹,李占斌,李鹏,等.韭园沟流域淤地坝坝系布局评价[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(5):49-55.
[11] 王丹,哈玉玲,李占斌,等.宁夏典型流域淤地坝系运行风险评价[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(3):17-25.
[12] 黄河水利委员会水土保持局.黄土高原上的明珠:小流域淤地坝坝系工程集锦之一[M].郑州:黄河水利委员会,2008.
[13] Xu J.Erosion caused by hyperconcentrated flow on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Catena,1999,36(1/2):1-19.
[14] Zheng M,Li R,He J.Sediment concentrations in run-off varying with spatial scale in an agricultural subwatershed of the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29(26):5414-5423.
[15] 张乐涛,李占斌,王贺,等.流域系统径流侵蚀链内泥沙输移的空间尺度效应[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):87-94.
[16] 张丽萍.祖厉河流域侵蚀地貌的数理分析[J].中国水土保持,2004(3):12-15.
[17] 任宗萍,马勇勇,王有胜,等.生态建设条件下无定河不同地貌区径流变化归因分析[J].生态学报,2019,39(7):1-10.
[18] 秦丽欢,周敬祥,李叙勇,等.密云水库上游径流变化趋势及影响因素[J].生态学报,2018,38(6):1941-1951.
[2] 张晓明.黄土高原小流域淤地坝系优化研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[3] 郑宝明,田永宏,郭玉梅.黄土丘陵沟壑区第一副区小流域坝系建设理论与实践[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2004.
[4] 李斌斌.下垫面变化情况下黄土丘陵沟壑区坝系优化配置研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2009.
[5] 蔺明华,王志意,段文中.淤地坝研究的回顾与展望[J].中国水利,2003(17):62-64.
[6] 武永昌,黄林.骨干坝系最佳建筑时间的存在条件及实际淤积期的计算[J].中国水土保持,1995(6):91-96.
[7] 秦向阳,郑新民.小流域治沟骨干坝系优化规划模型研究[J].中国水土保持,1994(1):18-22.
[8] 蔺明华,程益民.小流域坝系优化规划模型及其应用[J].人民黄河,1995(11):29-33.
[9] 刘志刚,龚建华.黄土高原小流域坝系规划决策支持系统研究[J].人民黄河,2017,39(12):85-89.
[10] 王丹,李占斌,李鹏,等.韭园沟流域淤地坝坝系布局评价[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(5):49-55.
[11] 王丹,哈玉玲,李占斌,等.宁夏典型流域淤地坝系运行风险评价[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(3):17-25.
[12] 黄河水利委员会水土保持局.黄土高原上的明珠:小流域淤地坝坝系工程集锦之一[M].郑州:黄河水利委员会,2008.
[13] Xu J.Erosion caused by hyperconcentrated flow on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Catena,1999,36(1/2):1-19.
[14] Zheng M,Li R,He J.Sediment concentrations in run-off varying with spatial scale in an agricultural subwatershed of the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29(26):5414-5423.
[15] 张乐涛,李占斌,王贺,等.流域系统径流侵蚀链内泥沙输移的空间尺度效应[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):87-94.
[16] 张丽萍.祖厉河流域侵蚀地貌的数理分析[J].中国水土保持,2004(3):12-15.
[17] 任宗萍,马勇勇,王有胜,等.生态建设条件下无定河不同地貌区径流变化归因分析[J].生态学报,2019,39(7):1-10.
[18] 秦丽欢,周敬祥,李叙勇,等.密云水库上游径流变化趋势及影响因素[J].生态学报,2018,38(6):1941-1951.