沟灌三角形长喉道田间量水槽水力特性试验及数值模拟
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摘要
针对目前北方灌区田间沟灌缺乏有效量水设施的现状,提出了一种针对田间小流量情况的新型量水设备—便携式三角形长喉道量水槽,为进一步研究其水力特性,在沟灌简易长喉道量水槽原型试验的基础上,采用基于Flow-3D的计算流体力学方法对该量水槽的内部水流运动进行了模拟计算,对水流流态、水深、傅汝德数、纵向时均流速、紊动强度进行了分析。结果表明:试验水深值与模拟值的最大相对误差小于10%,二者水面线变化规律吻合,模拟结果精度较高;通过临界流理论推导与回归分析得到沟灌简易长喉道量水槽测流公式,其计算结果与实际流量的最大相对误差为4.34%;量水槽收缩段及喉道段纵向时均流速沿程不断增大,流速最大值的位置存在于水面以下,越靠近收缩段、喉道段出口,最大纵向流速位置越低,断面流速分布越不均匀;紊动强度总体呈现沿程增加的趋势,各断面的紊动强度最大值相对位置在0.13到0.30倍水深之间,沿程逐渐上升。
In view of the lack of effective water measuring facilities for furrow irrigation areas in North China,a portable triangular long-throated flume was proposed as a small flow water measuring equipment in the field.This study was to investigated its hydraulic performance of the triangular long-throated flume based on both test and numerical analysis.The prototype test was carried out in Northwest A & F University in Yangling,Shannxi of China.The flume was installed at 6.25 m far from the inlet of upstream of U-shaped channel.The base slope of the channel was 1/10 000.The triangular weir was installed at the end of the discharge pond downstream of the channel.A total of 14 sections were designed to observe the flow characteristics.The numerical simulation was used to study its hydraulic characteristics of the flume by using the flow-3 D-based CFD method.Based on the RNG k-? three-dimensional turbulence model together with the TruVOF technique,experiments and the corresponding simulations were performed for 16 working conditions(the flow rate of 1.03,3.03,5.06,7.07,9.00,11.07,13.07 and 15.05 L/s under free and submerged outflow conditions) on the trapezoidal triangle long-throat flume with flow rate up to 15 L/s.The flow pattern,water depth and Froude number,the longitudinal mean velocity and turbulence intensity were analyzed.The results from the prototype experiment was used to validate the simulation results.The results showed that the maximum relative error between the tested water depth and the simulated value was less than 10% under all the 16 flow rate conditions.The variation of the tested and simulated flow pattern were consistent with each other,indicating that the simulation had a high accuracy.The longitudinal mean flow velocity of the shrinkage section and the throat section of the flume continuously increased along the water flow.The maximum flow velocity existed below the water surface.The longitudinal mean flow velocity increased along the flume at the contraction section and throat section.The maximum flow velocity occurred under the water surface.The position where maximum flow velocity occurred was lowered and the flow velocity distribution was uneven at the position closer to the contraction section and throat section.The turbulence intensity showed a trend of increasing along the flume.The relative water depth with the maximum turbulence intensity of each section was between 0.13 and 0.30,and gradually increased along the flume.Through the derivation of critical flow theory and regression analysis,the flow rate estimation formula for the long-throat flume was obtained based on water depth.The maximum relative error between the calculated result and the actual flow rate was 4.34%,the mean absolute relative error was 1.86%.Under the condition of submerged outflow,the maximum relative error was 3.47% and the mean absolute relative error was 1.94%.It suggested that the model had the high accuracy and could met the common requirements of flow measurement in irrigation areas.The study can guide the further optimization of the shape parameters such as the length of the throat section of the flume and the shrinkage angle of the water surface.
In view of the lack of effective water measuring facilities for furrow irrigation areas in North China,a portable triangular long-throated flume was proposed as a small flow water measuring equipment in the field.This study was to investigated its hydraulic performance of the triangular long-throated flume based on both test and numerical analysis.The prototype test was carried out in Northwest A & F University in Yangling,Shannxi of China.The flume was installed at 6.25 m far from the inlet of upstream of U-shaped channel.The base slope of the channel was 1/10 000.The triangular weir was installed at the end of the discharge pond downstream of the channel.A total of 14 sections were designed to observe the flow characteristics.The numerical simulation was used to study its hydraulic characteristics of the flume by using the flow-3 D-based CFD method.Based on the RNG k-? three-dimensional turbulence model together with the TruVOF technique,experiments and the corresponding simulations were performed for 16 working conditions(the flow rate of 1.03,3.03,5.06,7.07,9.00,11.07,13.07 and 15.05 L/s under free and submerged outflow conditions) on the trapezoidal triangle long-throat flume with flow rate up to 15 L/s.The flow pattern,water depth and Froude number,the longitudinal mean velocity and turbulence intensity were analyzed.The results from the prototype experiment was used to validate the simulation results.The results showed that the maximum relative error between the tested water depth and the simulated value was less than 10% under all the 16 flow rate conditions.The variation of the tested and simulated flow pattern were consistent with each other,indicating that the simulation had a high accuracy.The longitudinal mean flow velocity of the shrinkage section and the throat section of the flume continuously increased along the water flow.The maximum flow velocity existed below the water surface.The longitudinal mean flow velocity increased along the flume at the contraction section and throat section.The maximum flow velocity occurred under the water surface.The position where maximum flow velocity occurred was lowered and the flow velocity distribution was uneven at the position closer to the contraction section and throat section.The turbulence intensity showed a trend of increasing along the flume.The relative water depth with the maximum turbulence intensity of each section was between 0.13 and 0.30,and gradually increased along the flume.Through the derivation of critical flow theory and regression analysis,the flow rate estimation formula for the long-throat flume was obtained based on water depth.The maximum relative error between the calculated result and the actual flow rate was 4.34%,the mean absolute relative error was 1.86%.Under the condition of submerged outflow,the maximum relative error was 3.47% and the mean absolute relative error was 1.94%.It suggested that the model had the high accuracy and could met the common requirements of flow measurement in irrigation areas.The study can guide the further optimization of the shape parameters such as the length of the throat section of the flume and the shrinkage angle of the water surface.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国水利部.2014年中国水资源公报[R/OL].2014-12-31[2018-04-01].http://www.mwr.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/szygb/201612/t20161222_776054.html
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[18]金兆森,程吉林.介绍一种田间量水工具:移动式量水槽[J].江苏水利,1991(2):58-63,70.Jin Zhaosen,Cheng Jilin.Introduce a field measuring water tool-movable flume[J].Jiangsu Water Resources,1991(2):58-63,70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]薛城,王文娥,胡笑涛,等.沟灌简易长喉道量水槽水力性能初探[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(10):87-93.Xue Cheng,Wang Wene,Hu Xiaotao.Measuring the hydraulic characteristics of the triangle long-throated flume used in furrow irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2018,37(10):87-93.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]丁瑞,茅泽育,王建龙.电子束辐照水处理反应器的CFD模拟与优化[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(3):980-988.Ding Rui,Mao Zeyu,Wang Jianlong.CFD simulation and optimization of the water treatment reactor by electron beam[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(3):980-988.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[22]冉聃颉,王文娥,胡笑涛,等.梯形喉道无喉道量水槽设计及其水力性能模拟与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(15):177-183.Ran Danjie,Wang Wen?e,Hu Xiaotao,et al.Design of trapezoidal cut-throated flume and its hydraulic performance simulation and test[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(15):177-183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]胡昊,李欢欢,汪顺生,等.入沟流量对灌水质量和水流特性的研究[J].节水灌溉,2016(10):47-50.Hu Hao,Li Huanhuan,Wang Shunsheng,et al.The inflow discharge of furrow study on irrigation quality and flow characteristics[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2016(10):47-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]宋雪.制种玉米交替隔沟灌水施氮的效应研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.Song Xue.Effect of Alternate Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Partial Root Zone of Maize[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]张永胜,成自勇,张芮,等.控制性交替隔沟灌溉对甜椒农田蒸散特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(2):223-227.Zhang Yongsheng,Cheng Ziyong,Zhang Rui,et al.Evapotranspiration characteristics of capsicum under alternative furrow irrigation[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(2):223-227.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]吴迪,孟伟超,薄晓东,等.不同地面灌溉方式对制种玉米产量与水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33(3/4):185-188.Wu Di,Meng Weichao,Bo Xiaodong,et al.Effect of different surface irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency of maize for seed[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2014,33(3/4):185-188.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]张新民,张吉孝,单鱼洋.垄作沟灌水分入渗模拟与灌水沟断面优化[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(1):137-141.Zhang Xinmin,Zhang Jixiao,Shan Yuyang.Numerical simulation of infiltration and cross-section optimization under furrow irrigation[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(1):137-141.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[2]孙景生,康绍忠.我国水资源利用现状与节水灌溉发展对策[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(2):1-5.Sun Jingsheng,Kang Shaozhong.Present situation of water resources usage and developing countermeasures of watersaving irrigation in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2000,16(2):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]王增发.我国节水灌溉技术的研究与推广[J].节水灌溉,1998(1):38-40.Wang Zengfa.Research and promotion of water saving irrigation technology in China[J].Water Saving Irrigation,1998(1):38-40.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]汪顺生,费良军,高传昌,等.不同沟灌方式下夏玉米棵间蒸发试验[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(9):66-71.Wang Shunsheng,Fei Liangjun,Gao Chuanchang,et al.Soil evaporation of summer maize under different furrow irrigations[J].Transactions of The CSAM,2012,43(9):66-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]水利部农村水利司.节水灌溉[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
[6]刘小飞,费良军,孙景生,等.垄植沟灌夏玉米棵间蒸发试验研究[J].排灌机械工程学报,2016,34(4):332-338.Liu Xiaofei,Fei Liangjun,Sun Jingsheng,et al.Experiment on soil evaporation of summer maize in furrow irrigation[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2016,34(4):332-338.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]吴彩丽,黄斌,谢崇宝.灌区量水技术与设备研究发展概况[J].中国水利,2006(7):68.Wu Caili,Huang Bin,Xie Chongbao.Research and development of water measuring technology and equipment in irrigation district[J].China Water Resources,2006(7):68.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]王长德.量水技术与设施[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[9]Vatankhah A R,Mahdavi A.Simplified procedure for design of long-throated flumes and weirs[J].Flow Measurement&Instrumentation,2012,26(8):79-84.
[10]Das R,Nayek M,Das S,et al.Design and analysis of 0.127m(5")Cutthroat flume[J].Ain Shams Engineering Journal,2015,8(3):295-303.
[11]Manekar V L.Discharge relation for cutthroat flume under free-flow condition[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,2007,133(5):495-499.
[12]Hu Han,Huang Jiesheng,Qian Zhongdong,et al.Hydraulic analysis of parabolic flume for flow measurement[J].Flow Measurement&Instrumentation,2014,37:54-64.
[13]刘英,王文娥,胡笑涛,等.U形渠道圆头量水柱测流影响因素试验及模拟[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):97-106.Liu Ying,Wang Wen’e,Hu Xiaotao,et al.Experiment and simulation of factors affecting flow measurement of watermeasuring column with round head in U-shaped channel[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(19):97-106.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]潘志宝,吕宏兴,张晓斐,等.梯形渠道机翼形量水槽试验[J].农业机械学报,2009,40(12):97-100.Pan Zhibao,LüHongxing,Zhang Xiaofei,et al.Experiment on airfoil-shaped measuring flume in tapezoidal canal[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2009,40(12):97-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Hager W H.Modified trapezoidal venturi channel[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,1986,112(3):225-241.
[16]蔡勇,李同春,吉庆丰,等.梯形渠道圆柱形量水槽的试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2005(8):63-66.Cai Yong,Li Tongchun,Ji Qingfeng,et al.Experimental research on cylinder flow-measuring flume in trapezoidtransect canal[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2005(8):63-66.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]潘志宝.机翼形量水槽水力特性试验与数值模拟研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2009.Pan Zhibao.Experiment and Numerical Simulation on Hydraulic Characrteristics of Airfoilshaped Measuring Flume[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2009.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]金兆森,程吉林.介绍一种田间量水工具:移动式量水槽[J].江苏水利,1991(2):58-63,70.Jin Zhaosen,Cheng Jilin.Introduce a field measuring water tool-movable flume[J].Jiangsu Water Resources,1991(2):58-63,70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]薛城,王文娥,胡笑涛,等.沟灌简易长喉道量水槽水力性能初探[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(10):87-93.Xue Cheng,Wang Wene,Hu Xiaotao.Measuring the hydraulic characteristics of the triangle long-throated flume used in furrow irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2018,37(10):87-93.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]丁瑞,茅泽育,王建龙.电子束辐照水处理反应器的CFD模拟与优化[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(3):980-988.Ding Rui,Mao Zeyu,Wang Jianlong.CFD simulation and optimization of the water treatment reactor by electron beam[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(3):980-988.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]孙斌,吕宏兴,张宽地,等.U形渠道机翼形量水槽水跃数值模拟与试验研究[J].实验流体力学,2013,27(1):65-71.Sun Bin,LüHongxing,Zhang Kuandi,et al.Numerical simulation and experimental research of hydraulic jumps on the airfoil-shaped measuring flume in U-shaped canal[J].Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics,2013,27(1):65-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]冉聃颉,王文娥,胡笑涛,等.梯形喉道无喉道量水槽设计及其水力性能模拟与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(15):177-183.Ran Danjie,Wang Wen?e,Hu Xiaotao,et al.Design of trapezoidal cut-throated flume and its hydraulic performance simulation and test[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(15):177-183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]胡昊,李欢欢,汪顺生,等.入沟流量对灌水质量和水流特性的研究[J].节水灌溉,2016(10):47-50.Hu Hao,Li Huanhuan,Wang Shunsheng,et al.The inflow discharge of furrow study on irrigation quality and flow characteristics[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2016(10):47-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]宋雪.制种玉米交替隔沟灌水施氮的效应研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.Song Xue.Effect of Alternate Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Partial Root Zone of Maize[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]张永胜,成自勇,张芮,等.控制性交替隔沟灌溉对甜椒农田蒸散特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(2):223-227.Zhang Yongsheng,Cheng Ziyong,Zhang Rui,et al.Evapotranspiration characteristics of capsicum under alternative furrow irrigation[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(2):223-227.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]吴迪,孟伟超,薄晓东,等.不同地面灌溉方式对制种玉米产量与水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33(3/4):185-188.Wu Di,Meng Weichao,Bo Xiaodong,et al.Effect of different surface irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency of maize for seed[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2014,33(3/4):185-188.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]张新民,张吉孝,单鱼洋.垄作沟灌水分入渗模拟与灌水沟断面优化[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(1):137-141.Zhang Xinmin,Zhang Jixiao,Shan Yuyang.Numerical simulation of infiltration and cross-section optimization under furrow irrigation[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(1):137-141.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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