甘南草原高原鼠兔食性及其季节性变化
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摘要
【目的】分析甘南高寒草甸草原高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzniae)的食性及其季节性变化,为其管理防控提供参考.【方法】分别于高原鼠兔越冬前(2014年9月)和繁殖前(2015年5月)在甘南藏族自治州碌曲县尕海、尕秀等地采集145份粪样,利用显微粪便法分析其不同时期以及不同栖息地的食性与营养生态位差异.【结果】同一地区(尕海),高原鼠兔5月份主要采食5科5属6种植物:蔷薇科(39.03%),禾本科(21.56%),莎草科(19.46%),菊科(17.71%)和龙胆科(11.76%);9月份主要采食6科6属7种植物:蔷薇科(39.64%),莎草科(27.06%),菊科(20.76%),禾本科(17.36%),蓼科(13.19%),豆科(11.53%);同一时期(9月份),尕海地区同上;尕秀地区主要采食4科4属5种植物:菊科(21.77%),莎草科(20.38%),蔷薇科(18.26%),禾本科(12.62%).【结论】高原鼠兔不同时期以及不同栖息地中食性具有显著差异.繁殖前采食的食物种数,多样性以及生态位宽度均大于越冬前,均匀度小于越冬前;尕海地区采食植物的多样性及均匀度都大于尕秀地区.高原鼠兔的食性与植物资源的季节性变化、植物资源的丰富度有关.
【Objective】 To investigate the food habits of plateau pika(Ochotona curzniae) and its seasonal changes in Gannan meadow,and provide the reference for its management and prevention.【Method】 We have collected 145 fecal samples in September 2014(before overwintering) and May 2015(before breeding) in Gahai and Gaxiu,Luqu county,in Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture,and to analysis the difference of food habits and vegetative niche in different periods and areas.【Result】 In the same area(Gahai),there are 5 families and 5 genera and 6 species to intake in May,mainly Rosaceae(39.03%),Gramineae(21.56%),Cyperaceae(19.46%),Asteraceae(17.71%),Gentianaceae(11.76%) and 6 families and 6 genera and 7 species in September,mainly Rosaceae(39.64%),Cyperaceae(27.06%),Compositae(20.76%),Gramineae(17.36%),Polygonaceae(13.19%) and Leguminosae(11.53%).In the same period(September),Gahai is the same as the above;there are 4 families and 4 genera and 5 species in Gaxiu: Asteraceae(21.77%),Cyperaceae(20.38%),Rosaceae(18.26),Gramineae(12.62%).【Conclusion】 There are significant difference in food habits from different periods and areas.The food species,diversity and niche width is greater before breeding,while the evenness is greater before overwintering;the diversity and evenness is greater in Gahai.The food habits of plateau pika is related to the seasonal changes of plant resource and the richness of plant resource in different areas.
【Objective】 To investigate the food habits of plateau pika(Ochotona curzniae) and its seasonal changes in Gannan meadow,and provide the reference for its management and prevention.【Method】 We have collected 145 fecal samples in September 2014(before overwintering) and May 2015(before breeding) in Gahai and Gaxiu,Luqu county,in Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture,and to analysis the difference of food habits and vegetative niche in different periods and areas.【Result】 In the same area(Gahai),there are 5 families and 5 genera and 6 species to intake in May,mainly Rosaceae(39.03%),Gramineae(21.56%),Cyperaceae(19.46%),Asteraceae(17.71%),Gentianaceae(11.76%) and 6 families and 6 genera and 7 species in September,mainly Rosaceae(39.64%),Cyperaceae(27.06%),Compositae(20.76%),Gramineae(17.36%),Polygonaceae(13.19%) and Leguminosae(11.53%).In the same period(September),Gahai is the same as the above;there are 4 families and 4 genera and 5 species in Gaxiu: Asteraceae(21.77%),Cyperaceae(20.38%),Rosaceae(18.26),Gramineae(12.62%).【Conclusion】 There are significant difference in food habits from different periods and areas.The food species,diversity and niche width is greater before breeding,while the evenness is greater before overwintering;the diversity and evenness is greater in Gahai.The food habits of plateau pika is related to the seasonal changes of plant resource and the richness of plant resource in different areas.
引文
[1] 王溪,刘季科,刘伟,等.植食性小哺乳类营养生态学的研究:高原鼠兔的食物选择模式与食物质量[J].兽类学报,1992,12(3):183-192.
[2] 尚玉昌.动物的捕食行为[J].生物学通报,2001,36(2):13-14.
[3] 热娜古丽·艾合麦提,李叶,张翔,等.阿尔金山国家级自然保护区高原鼠兔的食性显微组织分析[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2015,26(2):164-167.
[4] 王德华,王祖望.高寒地区高原鼠兔消化道形态的季节动态[J].动物学报,2001,47(5):495-501.
[5] 张堰铭,张知彬,魏万红,等.高原鼠兔领域行为时间分配格局及其对风险环境适应的探讨[J].兽类学报,2005,25(4):333-338.
[6] 孙飞达,郭正刚,尚占环,等.高原鼠兔洞穴密度对高寒草甸土壤理化性质的影响[J].土壤学报,2010,47(2):378-383.
[7] 余欣超,周华坤,姚步青,等.三江源区高原鼠兔洞危害区植物群落特征研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2014(3):107-112.
[8] 庞晓攀,王倩,贾婷婷,等.高原鼠兔有效洞口数密度对高山嵩草草甸植物种间联结性的影响[J].草业学报,2015,24(5):224-230.
[9] 潘璇,米玛旺堆.高原鼠兔生态学研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(9):2537-2543.
[10] 皮南林.高原鼠兔的食性及食量研究[M]//灭鼠及鼠类生物学研究报告·第1集.北京:科学出版社,1973:91-102.
[11] 蒋志刚,夏武平.高原鼠兔食物资源利用的研究[J].兽类学报,1985,5(4):251-262.
[12] 刘伟,张毓,王溪,等.高原鼠兔冬季的食物选择[J].兽类学报,2009,29(1):12-19.
[13] 杨彦东,苏军虎,花立民.碌曲县草原鼠害区划研究[J].草原与草坪,2014,34(6):51-55.
[14] 杨彦东,苏军虎,周建伟,等.碌曲县啮齿动物种类组成[J].草业科学,2013,30(2):287-290.
[15] 雍仲禹,郭聪,张美文,等.啮齿动物食性研究的意义及方法评述[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(11):2637-2645.
[16] Stewart D R M.Analysis of Plant Epidermis in Faeces:A Technique for Studying the Food Preferences of Grazing Herbivores[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1967,4(1):83.
[17] 李叶,王兵,黄永丽,等.天山地区三种自由放牧家畜食性和营养生态位的显微组织分析[J].家畜生态学报,2013,34(9):65-68.
[18] Dearden B L.Precision of microhistological estimates of ruminant food habits[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,1975,39(2):402-407.
[19] Krebs CJ.Ecology:the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance[J].Research,1972,48(1):133-148.
[20] 樊乃昌,张道川.高原鼠兔与达乌尔鼠兔的摄食行为及对栖息地适应性的研究[J].兽类学报,1996,16(1):48-53.
[21] 樊乃昌,景增春,张道川.高原鼠兔与达乌尔鼠兔食物资源维生态位的研究[J].兽类学报,1995,15(1):36-40.
[22] 邹波,宁振东,王庭林,等.花鼠的食性和食量研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,1997,8(6):469-471.
[23] 黄惠敏,王廷正.棕色田鼠食性食量的研究[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,27(3):88-92.
[24] Clark D A.Foraging patterns of black rats across a desert-montane forest gradient in the Galapagos Islands.[J].Biotropica,1981,13(3):182-194.
[25] Koehler A E,Marsh R E,Tunberg A D,et al.Food habits of California voles,Microtus californicus,in artichokes,Cynara scolymus.[J].Crop Protection,1989,8(2):114-117.
[26] 娜日苏,苏和,武晓东,等.放牧制度对五趾跳鼠食性的影响[J].中国草地学报,2009,31(4):116-120.
[27] 张新阶,王广和,刘伟,等.浑善达克沙地三趾跳鼠的食性与繁殖特征的初步分析[J].动物学杂志,2007,42(3):9-13.
[28] 冯志勇,邱俊荣,姚丹丹,等.自然条件下板齿鼠的食物结构研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2010,21(1):23-25.
[29] 周延林,王利民,鲍伟东.几种啮齿动物食性比较研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然版),2000,31(6):613-617.
[30] 郭建荣.山西芦芽山自然保护区岩松鼠生态的初步观察[J].四川动物,2003,22(3):171-172.
[31] Gill R B,Carpenter L H,Bartmann R M,et al.Fecal analysis to estimate mule deer diets[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,1983,47(4):902-915.
[32] Johnson M K,Wofford H,Pearson H A.Digestion and fragmentation:influence on herbivore diet analysis[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,1983,47(3):877-879.
[33] 刘伟,张毓,王溪,等.植物生长季节不同栖息地高原鼠兔的食物选择[J].兽类学报,2008,28(4):358-366.
[34] 戴鑫,顾新州,石佳,等.植物次生代谢物含量的季节性变化及其对高原鼠兔食物选择的影响[J].兽类学报,2012,32(4):306-317.
[35] 王权业,张堰铭.高原鼢鼠食性的研究[J].兽类学报,2000,20(3):193-199.
[36] 魏万红,曹伊凡,张堰铭,等.捕食风险对高原鼠兔行为的影响[J].动物学报,2004,50(3):319-325.
[37] 杨生妹,魏万红,殷宝法,等.高寒草甸生态系统中高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食风险及生存对策[J].生态学报,2007,27(12):4972-4978.
[38] 孙儒泳.动物生态学原理[M].3版.北京:师范大学出版社,2001.
[39] 边疆晖,景增春,刘季科.相关风险因子对高原鼠兔摄食行为的影响[J].兽类学报,2001,21(3):187-194.
[40] 李叶,王振宇,张翔,等.阿尔金山自然保护区高原鼠兔夏季微生境选择的主导因子分析[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2014,25(1):28-31.
[41] 许国成.甘南夏河高寒草甸高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔秋季栖息地特征[J].草业科学,2015,32(10):1675-1681.
[42] Milchunas D G,Lauenroth W K.Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments[J].Ecological Monographs,1993,63(4):328-366.
[43] Noymeir I,Gutman M,Kaplan Y.Responses of mediterranean grassland plants to grazing and protection.[J].Journal of Ecology,1989,77(1):290-310.
[44] 张松林,房妮.甘南草地鼠害现状及防治对策[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(4):698-699.
[2] 尚玉昌.动物的捕食行为[J].生物学通报,2001,36(2):13-14.
[3] 热娜古丽·艾合麦提,李叶,张翔,等.阿尔金山国家级自然保护区高原鼠兔的食性显微组织分析[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2015,26(2):164-167.
[4] 王德华,王祖望.高寒地区高原鼠兔消化道形态的季节动态[J].动物学报,2001,47(5):495-501.
[5] 张堰铭,张知彬,魏万红,等.高原鼠兔领域行为时间分配格局及其对风险环境适应的探讨[J].兽类学报,2005,25(4):333-338.
[6] 孙飞达,郭正刚,尚占环,等.高原鼠兔洞穴密度对高寒草甸土壤理化性质的影响[J].土壤学报,2010,47(2):378-383.
[7] 余欣超,周华坤,姚步青,等.三江源区高原鼠兔洞危害区植物群落特征研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2014(3):107-112.
[8] 庞晓攀,王倩,贾婷婷,等.高原鼠兔有效洞口数密度对高山嵩草草甸植物种间联结性的影响[J].草业学报,2015,24(5):224-230.
[9] 潘璇,米玛旺堆.高原鼠兔生态学研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(9):2537-2543.
[10] 皮南林.高原鼠兔的食性及食量研究[M]//灭鼠及鼠类生物学研究报告·第1集.北京:科学出版社,1973:91-102.
[11] 蒋志刚,夏武平.高原鼠兔食物资源利用的研究[J].兽类学报,1985,5(4):251-262.
[12] 刘伟,张毓,王溪,等.高原鼠兔冬季的食物选择[J].兽类学报,2009,29(1):12-19.
[13] 杨彦东,苏军虎,花立民.碌曲县草原鼠害区划研究[J].草原与草坪,2014,34(6):51-55.
[14] 杨彦东,苏军虎,周建伟,等.碌曲县啮齿动物种类组成[J].草业科学,2013,30(2):287-290.
[15] 雍仲禹,郭聪,张美文,等.啮齿动物食性研究的意义及方法评述[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(11):2637-2645.
[16] Stewart D R M.Analysis of Plant Epidermis in Faeces:A Technique for Studying the Food Preferences of Grazing Herbivores[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1967,4(1):83.
[17] 李叶,王兵,黄永丽,等.天山地区三种自由放牧家畜食性和营养生态位的显微组织分析[J].家畜生态学报,2013,34(9):65-68.
[18] Dearden B L.Precision of microhistological estimates of ruminant food habits[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,1975,39(2):402-407.
[19] Krebs CJ.Ecology:the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance[J].Research,1972,48(1):133-148.
[20] 樊乃昌,张道川.高原鼠兔与达乌尔鼠兔的摄食行为及对栖息地适应性的研究[J].兽类学报,1996,16(1):48-53.
[21] 樊乃昌,景增春,张道川.高原鼠兔与达乌尔鼠兔食物资源维生态位的研究[J].兽类学报,1995,15(1):36-40.
[22] 邹波,宁振东,王庭林,等.花鼠的食性和食量研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,1997,8(6):469-471.
[23] 黄惠敏,王廷正.棕色田鼠食性食量的研究[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,27(3):88-92.
[24] Clark D A.Foraging patterns of black rats across a desert-montane forest gradient in the Galapagos Islands.[J].Biotropica,1981,13(3):182-194.
[25] Koehler A E,Marsh R E,Tunberg A D,et al.Food habits of California voles,Microtus californicus,in artichokes,Cynara scolymus.[J].Crop Protection,1989,8(2):114-117.
[26] 娜日苏,苏和,武晓东,等.放牧制度对五趾跳鼠食性的影响[J].中国草地学报,2009,31(4):116-120.
[27] 张新阶,王广和,刘伟,等.浑善达克沙地三趾跳鼠的食性与繁殖特征的初步分析[J].动物学杂志,2007,42(3):9-13.
[28] 冯志勇,邱俊荣,姚丹丹,等.自然条件下板齿鼠的食物结构研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2010,21(1):23-25.
[29] 周延林,王利民,鲍伟东.几种啮齿动物食性比较研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然版),2000,31(6):613-617.
[30] 郭建荣.山西芦芽山自然保护区岩松鼠生态的初步观察[J].四川动物,2003,22(3):171-172.
[31] Gill R B,Carpenter L H,Bartmann R M,et al.Fecal analysis to estimate mule deer diets[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,1983,47(4):902-915.
[32] Johnson M K,Wofford H,Pearson H A.Digestion and fragmentation:influence on herbivore diet analysis[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,1983,47(3):877-879.
[33] 刘伟,张毓,王溪,等.植物生长季节不同栖息地高原鼠兔的食物选择[J].兽类学报,2008,28(4):358-366.
[34] 戴鑫,顾新州,石佳,等.植物次生代谢物含量的季节性变化及其对高原鼠兔食物选择的影响[J].兽类学报,2012,32(4):306-317.
[35] 王权业,张堰铭.高原鼢鼠食性的研究[J].兽类学报,2000,20(3):193-199.
[36] 魏万红,曹伊凡,张堰铭,等.捕食风险对高原鼠兔行为的影响[J].动物学报,2004,50(3):319-325.
[37] 杨生妹,魏万红,殷宝法,等.高寒草甸生态系统中高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食风险及生存对策[J].生态学报,2007,27(12):4972-4978.
[38] 孙儒泳.动物生态学原理[M].3版.北京:师范大学出版社,2001.
[39] 边疆晖,景增春,刘季科.相关风险因子对高原鼠兔摄食行为的影响[J].兽类学报,2001,21(3):187-194.
[40] 李叶,王振宇,张翔,等.阿尔金山自然保护区高原鼠兔夏季微生境选择的主导因子分析[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2014,25(1):28-31.
[41] 许国成.甘南夏河高寒草甸高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔秋季栖息地特征[J].草业科学,2015,32(10):1675-1681.
[42] Milchunas D G,Lauenroth W K.Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments[J].Ecological Monographs,1993,63(4):328-366.
[43] Noymeir I,Gutman M,Kaplan Y.Responses of mediterranean grassland plants to grazing and protection.[J].Journal of Ecology,1989,77(1):290-310.
[44] 张松林,房妮.甘南草地鼠害现状及防治对策[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(4):698-699.