机动车源大气颗粒物粒径分布及碳组分特征
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摘要
颗粒物的粒径分布特性与碳质组分的表征已成为大气颗粒物源解析的重要方法.利用微孔均匀沉积式碰撞采样器与有机碳/元素碳分析仪,研究采集自不同区域的机动车源大气颗粒物粒径分布特性及其碳组分含量特征.结果表明,随着粒径级增大,发动机原排颗粒物质量浓度逐渐降低.实验室排空大气颗粒物在0.32~0.56μm粒径级浓度较高;地下停车场大气颗粒物在1.0~1.8μm粒径级浓度较高.柴油机原排颗粒物OC1、OC2和OC3所占比例较多,EC2为元素碳的主要部分.机动车源扩散区域大气颗粒物OC3和OC4含量所占比例较多,地下停车场大气颗粒物EC1占元素碳绝大部分.柴油机原排颗粒物的OC/EC比值较小,在0.92~2.50之间.实验室排空与地下停车场大气颗粒物的OC/EC比值分别在1.40~2.53与2.36~4.82之间.此外,地下停车场大气颗粒物的OC/EC比值均大于2.0,最高可达4.82,可以判定地下停车场有较多的二次颗粒物生成.上述特性可为机动车源大气颗粒物的辨识提供参考依据.
Characterization of the size distribution and carbon components in particulates has become important for identifying the particulates in the atmosphere.The size distribution and carbon components of atmospheric particulate matter from motor vehicles in different regions were analyzed by using Micro-orifice uniform deposition impactors(MOUDI) and the organic carbon/elemental carbon(OC/EC) analyzer.With increasing particle size,the mass concentration of raw diesel/gasoline decreases.The highest mass concentration of particles collected near the chimney of an engine laboratory was observed for particle sizes ranging from 0.32-0.56μm,while particles with sizes from 1.0-1.8 μm in the basement garage showed the most mass fractions.The OC1,OC2,and OC3 were the major parts of the OC contents in raw diesel particles.The EC2 was the main part of EC.The atmospheric particles collected in typical regions contained more OC3 and OC4.EC1 was the main part of EC in particles collected from the basement garage.The OC/EC ratios of raw diesel particles ranged from 0.92 to 2.50.The OC/EC ratios of particles collected near the chimney of an engine laboratory ranged from 1.40 to 2.53 and that of particles collected in the basement garage ranged from 2.36 to 4.82.Moreover,the OC/EC ratios in particles collected in the basement garage normally exceeded 2.0 and reached 4.82 at the largest size,which implies that many secondary particles were generated in the basement garage.The above-mentioned characteristics provide references that are beneficial for the identification of particulates in the atmosphere originating from motor vehicles.
Characterization of the size distribution and carbon components in particulates has become important for identifying the particulates in the atmosphere.The size distribution and carbon components of atmospheric particulate matter from motor vehicles in different regions were analyzed by using Micro-orifice uniform deposition impactors(MOUDI) and the organic carbon/elemental carbon(OC/EC) analyzer.With increasing particle size,the mass concentration of raw diesel/gasoline decreases.The highest mass concentration of particles collected near the chimney of an engine laboratory was observed for particle sizes ranging from 0.32-0.56μm,while particles with sizes from 1.0-1.8 μm in the basement garage showed the most mass fractions.The OC1,OC2,and OC3 were the major parts of the OC contents in raw diesel particles.The EC2 was the main part of EC.The atmospheric particles collected in typical regions contained more OC3 and OC4.EC1 was the main part of EC in particles collected from the basement garage.The OC/EC ratios of raw diesel particles ranged from 0.92 to 2.50.The OC/EC ratios of particles collected near the chimney of an engine laboratory ranged from 1.40 to 2.53 and that of particles collected in the basement garage ranged from 2.36 to 4.82.Moreover,the OC/EC ratios in particles collected in the basement garage normally exceeded 2.0 and reached 4.82 at the largest size,which implies that many secondary particles were generated in the basement garage.The above-mentioned characteristics provide references that are beneficial for the identification of particulates in the atmosphere originating from motor vehicles.
引文
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[25]古金霞,侯鲁健,武鑫,等.济南市大气细颗粒物中的碳组分特征[J].南开大学学报(自然科学版),2015,48(6):61-67.Gu J X,Hou L J,Wu J,et al.The characteristics of carbon components in atmospheric fine particulate matter of Jinan city[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Nankaiensis,2015,48(6):61-67.
[2]Dorman S C,Sutcliffe K M,Abourbih J,et al.Inhalation of nebulized diesel particulate matter:A safety trial in healthy humans[J].Journal of Respiratory Medicine,2014,2014:797050.
[3]Gao Y,Yang T T,Jin J.Nanoparticle pollution and associated increasing potential risks on environment and human health:a case study of China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(23):19297-19306.
[4]Dallmann T R,Onasch T B,Kirchstetter T W,et al.Characterization of particulate matter emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(14):7585-7599.
[5]张懿华,王东方,赵倩彪,等.上海城区PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳变化特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(9):3263-3270.Zhang Y H,Wang D F,Zhao Q B,et al.Characteristics and sources of organic carbon and elemental carbon in PM2.5in Shanghai urban area[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(9):3263-3270.
[6]Ren L H,Wang W,Wang Q Y,et al.Comparison and trend study on acidity and acidic buffering capacity of particulate matter in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(39):7503-7519.
[7]卢慧剑.典型沿海城市PM2.5污染特征及其来源解析研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2016.1-5.
[8]杨柳,吴烨,宋少洁,等.不同交通状况下道路边大气颗粒物数浓度粒径分布特征[J].环境科学,2012,33(3):694-700.Yang L,Wu Y,Song S J,et al.Particle number size distribution near a major road with different traffic conditions[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(3):694-700.
[9]Lonati G,Giugliano M.Size distribution of atmospheric particulate matter at traffic exposed sites in the urban area of Milan(Italy)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(2):264-274.
[10]Tolis E I,Saraga D E,Filiou K F,et al.One-year intensive characterization on PM2.5nearby port area of Thessaloniki,Greece[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(9):6812-6826.
[11]Wang Y N,Jia C H,Tao J,et al.Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5in a semi-arid and petrochemicalindustrialized city,Northwest China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,573:1031-1040.
[12]周黎鹏,许朕,李新令,等.喷油策略及EGR对柴油机排放微粒中碳质组分的影响[J].上海交通大学学报,2013,47(11):1745-1751.Zhou L P,Xu Z,Li X L,et al.Effects of fuel injection strategies and EGR on diesel particle carbon components[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2013,47(11):1745-1751.
[13]窦筱艳,徐珣,刘宇,等.西宁市城区冬季PM2.5和PM10中有机碳、元素碳污染特征[J].中国环境监测,2016,32(2):44-49.Dou X Y,Xu X,Liu Y,et al.Characteristics of organic carbon and elemental carbon in PM2.5and PM10in Xining in the winter[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2016,32(2):44-49.
[14]张雪莹,王鑫,周越,等.兰州市夏季大气中碳类气溶胶含量变化特征及其来源分析[J].高原气象,2017,36(2):528-537.Zhang X Y,Wang X,Zhou Y,et al.Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols and their source in the atmosphere during summer in Lanzhou[J].Plateau Meteorology,2017,36(2):528-537.
[15]Zhu C S,Cao J J,Tsai C J,et al.Comparison and implications of PM2.5carbon fractions in different environments[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,466-467:203-209.
[16]Khan B,Hays M D,Geron C,et al.Differences in the OC/ECratios that characterize ambient and source aerosols due to thermal-optical analysis[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2012,46(2):127-137.
[17]段卿,安俊琳,王红磊,等.南京北郊夏季大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(7):2460-2467.Duan Q,An J L,Wang H L,et al.Pollution characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric particles in Nanjing northern suburb in summer[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(7):2460-2467.
[18]Diab J,Streibel T,Cavalli F,et al.Hyphenation of a EC/OCthermal-optical carbon analyzer to photo-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry:an off-line aerosol mass spectrometric approach for characterization of primary and secondary particulate matter[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,2015,8(8):3337-3353.
[19]Zhu C S,Chen C C,Cao J J,et al.Characterization of carbon fractions for atmospheric fine particles and nanoparticles in a highway tunnel[J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(23):2668-2673.
[20]Pio C,Cerqueira M,Harrison R M,et al.OC/EC ratio observations in Europe:re-thinking the approach for apportionment between primary and secondary organic carbon[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(34):6121-6132.
[21]孙友敏,李少洛,陈春竹,等.济南市机动车排气污染特征及对市区PM2.5的影响[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(4):1384-1391.Sun Y M,Li S L,Chen C Z,et al.Study on characteristics of vehicle exhaust and the influence on PM2.5in Jinan city[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(4):1384-1391.
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[23]Zhou S Z,Wang Z,Gao R,et al.Formation of secondary organic carbon and long-range transport of carbonaceous aerosols at Mount Heng in South China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,63:203-212.
[24]Deng X J,Wu D,Yu J Z,et al.Characterization of secondary aerosol and its extinction effects on visibility over the Pearl River Delta Region,China[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2013,63(9):1012-1021.
[25]古金霞,侯鲁健,武鑫,等.济南市大气细颗粒物中的碳组分特征[J].南开大学学报(自然科学版),2015,48(6):61-67.Gu J X,Hou L J,Wu J,et al.The characteristics of carbon components in atmospheric fine particulate matter of Jinan city[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Nankaiensis,2015,48(6):61-67.