不同耕作深度下调控水肥对玉米生长状况的影响
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摘要
为了研究不同耕作深度条件下调控水肥配比对玉米养分及产量的影响,共设16个试验处理,对玉米各器官的氮、磷、钾分配以及产量构成因素进行分析。结果表明,在相同水肥条件下,耕作深度30 cm处理的产量均高于耕作深度20 cm,产量最大的处理是A_1M_2W_3,为9 950 kg/hm~2,较A_1M_1W_0的产量增加了46. 32%。玉米各器官的氮素积累量大小顺序为籽粒>叶>茎秆>根,茎秆、根中氮素含量最高的是处理A_1M_2W_3,籽粒、叶中的氮素积累量最大的是处理A_1M_2W_2,磷素在各器官内的积累量高低依次是:籽粒>叶>茎秆>根。各器官钾素的积累量大小顺序为茎秆>籽粒>叶>根,各器官钾素含量最高的处理是A_1M_2W_3。钾素含量最高的处理是A_1M_2W_3,最低的处理是A_2M_1W_0。当耕作深度与有机肥同一水平(A_1M_2)时,各处理的产量随水分的增加而增加,籽粒中氮素的含量占整个玉米植株氮素含量的百分比分别是49. 57%,49. 29%,45. 21%,43. 82%,磷素分别是43. 61%,36. 69%,43. 31%,40. 88%,钾素分别是26. 05%,29. 27%,28. 65%,27. 79%。不同耕作深度条件下调控合适的水肥配比对玉米的产量有显著影响,在相同的水肥水平调控下,耕作深度30 cm较深度20 cm提高了玉米的生物产量,提高了玉米各器官的氮磷钾素积累量,在耕作深度30 cm、水分在70%、有机肥施用7 500 kg/hm~2时,玉米对氮、磷、钾的吸收积累量最大,产量最高。深翻能改变土壤结构,促进作物对水分养分的吸收,促进玉米根系生长,增强了根系吸收水分、养分的能力,提高玉米对养分的吸收积累促进玉米的生长发育。
In order to study the effects of water and fertilizer ratio on maize nutrient and yield under different tillage depth,16 experimental treatments were designed to analyze the nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium distribution and yield components of maize organs. The results showed that under the same water and fertilizer conditions,the yield of 30 cm of tillage depth was higher than the depth of cultivation of 20 cm,the maximum yield of treatment was A_1M_2W_3,the maximum yield was 9 950 kg/ha,which increased 46. 32% than that of A_1M_1W_0. Nitrogen accumulation in various organs of maize,the order of quantity was grain > leaf > stalk > root. Nitrogen content in stalk and root was the highest in treatment A_1M_2W_3,and nitrogen accumulation in grain and leaf was the highest in treatment A_1M_2W_2. The order of phosphorus accumulation in each organ was: grain > leaf > stalk > root. The order of potassium accumulation in each organ was stem > grain > stalk > root. The highest potassium content in each organ was A_1M_2W_3. When the tillage depth was the same as that of organic fertilizer( A_1M2),the yield of each treatment increased with the increased of water content. The percentage of nitrogen content in grain to the whole corn plant ni-trogen content was 49. 57%,49. 29%,45. 21%,43. 82%. The amount of phosphorus was 43. 61%,36. 69%,43. 31%,40. 88% and the amount of potassium was 26. 05%,29. 27%,28. 65%,27. 79%. Under different tillage depth,proper water and fertilizer ratio had a significant effect on maize yield. Under the control of water and fertilizer level,the tillage depth 30 cm increased the biological yield of maize and the accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in all organs of maize compared with the depth of 20 cm. At the tillage depth of 30 cm and the moisture value of 70%,the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in maize were the largest when 7 500 kg/ha was applied to organic fertilizer. Deep rotation can change the soil structure,promote the absorption of water and nutrients by crops,promote the growth of maize roots,enhance the ability of roots to absorb water and nutrients,and improve the absorption and accumulation of nutrients to promote the growth and development of maize.
In order to study the effects of water and fertilizer ratio on maize nutrient and yield under different tillage depth,16 experimental treatments were designed to analyze the nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium distribution and yield components of maize organs. The results showed that under the same water and fertilizer conditions,the yield of 30 cm of tillage depth was higher than the depth of cultivation of 20 cm,the maximum yield of treatment was A_1M_2W_3,the maximum yield was 9 950 kg/ha,which increased 46. 32% than that of A_1M_1W_0. Nitrogen accumulation in various organs of maize,the order of quantity was grain > leaf > stalk > root. Nitrogen content in stalk and root was the highest in treatment A_1M_2W_3,and nitrogen accumulation in grain and leaf was the highest in treatment A_1M_2W_2. The order of phosphorus accumulation in each organ was: grain > leaf > stalk > root. The order of potassium accumulation in each organ was stem > grain > stalk > root. The highest potassium content in each organ was A_1M_2W_3. When the tillage depth was the same as that of organic fertilizer( A_1M2),the yield of each treatment increased with the increased of water content. The percentage of nitrogen content in grain to the whole corn plant ni-trogen content was 49. 57%,49. 29%,45. 21%,43. 82%. The amount of phosphorus was 43. 61%,36. 69%,43. 31%,40. 88% and the amount of potassium was 26. 05%,29. 27%,28. 65%,27. 79%. Under different tillage depth,proper water and fertilizer ratio had a significant effect on maize yield. Under the control of water and fertilizer level,the tillage depth 30 cm increased the biological yield of maize and the accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in all organs of maize compared with the depth of 20 cm. At the tillage depth of 30 cm and the moisture value of 70%,the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in maize were the largest when 7 500 kg/ha was applied to organic fertilizer. Deep rotation can change the soil structure,promote the absorption of water and nutrients by crops,promote the growth of maize roots,enhance the ability of roots to absorb water and nutrients,and improve the absorption and accumulation of nutrients to promote the growth and development of maize.
引文
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[8]解婷婷,苏培玺.灌溉与施氮量对黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地青贮玉米产量及水氮利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):72-76.
[9]童文杰,邓小鹏,徐照丽,等.不同耕作深度对玉米物理性状及烤烟根系空间分布特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(11):1464-1472.
[10]刘战东,刘祖贵,宁东峰,等.深松耕作对玉米水分利用和产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(5):6-12.
[11]温立玉,宋希云,刘树堂.水肥耦合对夏玉米不同生育期叶面指数和生物量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(21):89-94.
[12]马晓东.施肥调控对玉米养分吸收积累与分配研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016.
[13] Mohsin A U,Ahmad J,Ahmad A,et al. Effect of nitrogen application through different combinations of urea and farm yard manure on the performance of spring maize(Zea mays L.)[J]. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences,2012,22(1):195-198.
[14]李晓龙.深耕方式对土壤物理性状及春玉米根冠特性的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2014.
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[16]魏永霞,马瑛瑛,冯鼎瑞,等.调亏灌溉下滴灌玉米根冠生长与水分动态响应特征[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(7):180-188.
[17]李亭亭.不同耕作及秸秆还田方式对春玉米产量形成及养分吸收的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2013.
[18]蔡丽君.土壤耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏玉米生长发育的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学,2014.
[19]刘树堂,东先旺,孙朝辉,等.水分胁迫对夏玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响[J].莱阳农学院学报,2003,20(2):98-100.
[20]王西志,王斌,李迎春,等.不同钾营养效率玉米品种的筛选[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012(1):64-68,88.
[21]董志遥.钾营养高效利用玉米转基因新种质创制及筛选体系建立[D].长春:吉林大学,2014.
[22]李波.施钾对高产夏玉米产量和品质及其生理特性的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2013.
[23]王俊忠,黄高宝,张超男,等.施氮量对不同肥力水平下夏玉米碳氮代谢及氮素利用率的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(4):2045-2052.
[24]王晋,强继业,杨林楠,等.玉米吸收磷素营养的代谢及分布[J].西南农业大学学报,2002,24(2):159-160.
[25]曹国军,刘宁,李刚,等.超高产春玉米氮磷钾的吸收与分配[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(2):198-201.
[2]彭国明,范永国,丁丽丽,等.调亏灌溉下春玉米水氮耦合效应试验研究[J].黑龙江农业科学,2014(1):11-16.
[3]张玉书,米娜,陈鹏狮,等.土壤水分胁迫对玉米生长发育的影响研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(3):1-7.
[4]李鑫,王岭,徐忠辉,等.深松对干旱牧区天然牧场牧草生长的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2011,30(3):129-131.
[5]刘强,孟凡玺,刘树堂,等.长期定位施用化肥对作物氮素吸收利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(1):112-114.
[6]于亚军,李军,贾志宽,等.旱作农田水肥耦合研究进展[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(3):220-224.
[7]孙仕军,闫瀛,张旭东,等.不同耕作深度对玉米田间土壤水分和生长状况的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2010,41(4):458-462.
[8]解婷婷,苏培玺.灌溉与施氮量对黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地青贮玉米产量及水氮利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):72-76.
[9]童文杰,邓小鹏,徐照丽,等.不同耕作深度对玉米物理性状及烤烟根系空间分布特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(11):1464-1472.
[10]刘战东,刘祖贵,宁东峰,等.深松耕作对玉米水分利用和产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(5):6-12.
[11]温立玉,宋希云,刘树堂.水肥耦合对夏玉米不同生育期叶面指数和生物量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(21):89-94.
[12]马晓东.施肥调控对玉米养分吸收积累与分配研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016.
[13] Mohsin A U,Ahmad J,Ahmad A,et al. Effect of nitrogen application through different combinations of urea and farm yard manure on the performance of spring maize(Zea mays L.)[J]. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences,2012,22(1):195-198.
[14]李晓龙.深耕方式对土壤物理性状及春玉米根冠特性的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2014.
[15]王继芳,刘树堂,宋希云.长期定位施肥对夏玉米光合性状及产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(15):136-139.
[16]魏永霞,马瑛瑛,冯鼎瑞,等.调亏灌溉下滴灌玉米根冠生长与水分动态响应特征[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(7):180-188.
[17]李亭亭.不同耕作及秸秆还田方式对春玉米产量形成及养分吸收的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2013.
[18]蔡丽君.土壤耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏玉米生长发育的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学,2014.
[19]刘树堂,东先旺,孙朝辉,等.水分胁迫对夏玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响[J].莱阳农学院学报,2003,20(2):98-100.
[20]王西志,王斌,李迎春,等.不同钾营养效率玉米品种的筛选[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012(1):64-68,88.
[21]董志遥.钾营养高效利用玉米转基因新种质创制及筛选体系建立[D].长春:吉林大学,2014.
[22]李波.施钾对高产夏玉米产量和品质及其生理特性的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2013.
[23]王俊忠,黄高宝,张超男,等.施氮量对不同肥力水平下夏玉米碳氮代谢及氮素利用率的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(4):2045-2052.
[24]王晋,强继业,杨林楠,等.玉米吸收磷素营养的代谢及分布[J].西南农业大学学报,2002,24(2):159-160.
[25]曹国军,刘宁,李刚,等.超高产春玉米氮磷钾的吸收与分配[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(2):198-201.