减氧对空气泡沫驱井下管柱的缓蚀作用及减氧界限
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摘要
氧腐蚀是限制空气泡沫驱油技术应用推广的主要因素,减氧能够降低腐蚀速率。笔者利用高压腐蚀反应釜模拟工况条件,采用失重法测试了N80套管钢在不同氧含量(2%～21%)、不同压力(20～50 MPa)、不同温度(70～120℃)条件下的腐蚀速率,根据测试结果拟合建立了腐蚀速率与氧分压关系的数学模型;采用扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射分析表征了腐蚀产物的微观形貌和成分。结果表明,空气泡沫驱过程中N80钢的腐蚀速率随空气氧含量的降低呈非线性下降,但无法将腐蚀速率控制在0.076 mm/a标准以下。温度120℃、压力50～20 MPa,N80钢标准挂片的减氧界限为0.021%～0.054%,已经达到纯氮气的标准。工况条件下不同氧含量的N80钢材腐蚀产物疏松多孔,其成分为Fe2O3、FeOOH和Fe3O4,腐蚀产物对基体金属无保护作用,工况的改变并不会显著改变腐蚀产物的形貌和成分。
Oxygen corrosion is a main factor hindering the wide application of air foam flooding.Although deoxygenation can result in the decrease of corrosion rate.In this study,the high-pressure corrosion reaction kettle is used to simulate the working conditions,and the corrosion rate of N80 casing steel is measured using weight loss method under different oxygen contents(2%-21%)at various pressures(20-50 MPa)and temperatures(70-120℃).According to the experimental results,a mathematical model of the relationship between corrosion rate and partial pressure of oxygen is established.The morphology and composition of corrosion products are characterized using the scanning electron microscope,energy disperse spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.The results show that the corrosion rate of N80 steel presents the nonlinear decrease with the decreasing oxygen contents of air in the air foam flooding process.However,the corrosion rate is impossible to be controlled below the standard value of 0.076 mm/a.The deoxygenation limit of N80 steel is 0.021%-0.054% at 120℃ when the pressure is between50 MPa and 20 MPa,and has reached the standard of pure nitrogen.Under the working conditions,the corrosion products of N80 steel are loose and porous with different oxygen contents as well as Fe2 O3,FeOOH and Fe3 O4,indicating no ability to protect base metal.In addition,the morphology and composition of corrosion products vary little with the changes in the working conditions.
Oxygen corrosion is a main factor hindering the wide application of air foam flooding.Although deoxygenation can result in the decrease of corrosion rate.In this study,the high-pressure corrosion reaction kettle is used to simulate the working conditions,and the corrosion rate of N80 casing steel is measured using weight loss method under different oxygen contents(2%-21%)at various pressures(20-50 MPa)and temperatures(70-120℃).According to the experimental results,a mathematical model of the relationship between corrosion rate and partial pressure of oxygen is established.The morphology and composition of corrosion products are characterized using the scanning electron microscope,energy disperse spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.The results show that the corrosion rate of N80 steel presents the nonlinear decrease with the decreasing oxygen contents of air in the air foam flooding process.However,the corrosion rate is impossible to be controlled below the standard value of 0.076 mm/a.The deoxygenation limit of N80 steel is 0.021%-0.054% at 120℃ when the pressure is between50 MPa and 20 MPa,and has reached the standard of pure nitrogen.Under the working conditions,the corrosion products of N80 steel are loose and porous with different oxygen contents as well as Fe2 O3,FeOOH and Fe3 O4,indicating no ability to protect base metal.In addition,the morphology and composition of corrosion products vary little with the changes in the working conditions.
引文
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[14]张智,刘志伟,谢玉洪,等.井筒载荷-腐蚀耦合作用对碳钢套管服役寿命的影响[J].石油学报,2017,38(3):342-347,362.ZHANG Zhi,LIU Zhiwei,XIE Yuhong,et al.Influence of shaft load-corrosion coupling on the service life of carbon steel casing pipe[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(3):342-347,362.
[15]张新生,李亚云,王小完.基于逆高斯过程的腐蚀油气管道维修策略[J].石油学报,2017,38(3):356-362.ZHANG Xinsheng,LI Yayun,WANG Xiaowan.Maintenance strategy of corroded oil-gas pipeline based on inverse Gaussian process[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(3):356-362.
[16]何东升,郭简,张鹏.腐蚀管道剩余强度评价方法及其应用[J].石油学报,2007,28(6):125-128.HE Dongsheng,GUO Jian,ZHANG Peng.Assessment method for remaining strength of corroded pipeline and its application[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2007,28(6):125-128.
[17]顾春元,狄勤丰,王掌洪.N80钢在地层水中的应力腐蚀行为研究[J].石油学报,2006,27(2):141-144.GU Chunyuan,DI Qinfeng,WANG Zhanghong.Stress corrosion performance of N80 steel in formation water[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2006,27(2):141-144.
[18]廖广志,杨怀军,蒋有伟,等.减氧空气驱适用范围及氧含量界限[J].石油勘探与开发,2018,45(1):105-110.LIAO Guangzhi,YANG Huaijun,JIANG Youwei,et al.Applicable scope of oxygen-reduced air flooding and the limit of oxygen content[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2018,45(1):105-110.
[19] WU W,HAO W K,LIU Z Y,et al.Corrosion behavior of E690high-strength steel in alternating wet-dry marine environment with different pH values[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2015,24(12):4636-4646.
[20] CHEN Mingyan,WANG Hua,LIU Yucheng,et al.Corrosion behavior study of oil casing steel on alternate injection air and foam liquid in air-foam flooding for enhance oil recovery[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2017,165:970-977.
[21] ZURILLA R W,SEN R K,YEAGER E.The kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction on gold in alkaline solution[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1978,125(7):1103-1109.
[22] TANNER E E L,XIONG Linhongjia,BARNES E O,et al.One electron oxygen reduction in room temperature ionic liquids:a comparative study of Butler-Volmer and Symmetric MarcusHush theories using microdisc electrodes[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2014,727:59-68.
[23] BOCKRIS J O M,GOCHEV A.Temperature dependence of the symmetry factor in electrode kinetics[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry,1986,90(21):5232-5239.
[24] NORDSVEEN M,NEIC′S,NYBORG R,et al.A mechanistic model for carbon dioxide corrosion of mild steel in the presence of protective iron carbonate films—part 1:theory and verification[J].Corrosion,2003,59(5):443-456.
[25] NEEIC′S,NORDSVEEN M,NYBORG R,et al.A mechanistic model for carbon dioxide corrosion of mild steel in the presence of protective iron carbonate films—part 2:a numerical experiment[J].Corrosion,2003,59(6):489-497.
[26]油气田开发专业标准化技术委员会.碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法:SY/T5329—2012[S].北京:石油工业出版社,2012.Standardization Technical Committees of Oil&Gas Field Development Engineering.Water quality standard and practice for analysis of oilfield injecting waters in clastic reservoirs:SY/T5329—2012[S].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2012.
[2]于洪敏,任韶然,左景栾.空气泡沫驱数学模型与数值模拟方法[J].石油学报,2012,33(4):653-657.YU Hongmin,REN Shaoran,ZUO Jingluan.A mathematical model and numerical simulation method for air-foam flooding[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(4):653-657.
[3]任韶然,于洪敏,左景栾,等.中原油田空气泡沫调驱提高采收率技术[J].石油学报,2009,30(3):413-416.REN Shaoran,YU Hongmin,ZUO Jingluan,et al.EOR technology of profile control and displacement process by air foam injection in Zhongyuan oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2009,30(3):413-416.
[4] LIU Pengcheng,ZHANG Xiaokun,WU Yongbin,et al.Enhanced oil recovery by air-foam flooding system in tight oil reservoirs:Study on the profile-controlling mechanisms[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2017,150:208-216.
[5] DONG Xiaohu,LIU Huiqing,SUN Peng,et al.Air-foam-injec-tion process:an improved-oil-recovery technique for waterflooded light-oil reservoirs[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,2012,15(4):436-444.
[6] GILLHAM T H,CERVENY B W,FORNEA M A,et al.Low cost IOR:an update on the W.Hackberry air injection project[R].SPE39642,1998.
[7]林伟民,李雪峰,陈秀玲,等.注空气泡沫驱油过程中的腐蚀与防护研究[J].油田化学,2010,27(3):342-345.LIN Weimin,LI Xuefeng,CHEN Xiuling,et al.Corrosion and protection in air-foam injection process[J].Oilfield Chemistry,2010,27(3):342-345.
[8]毛志高,曹瑛,周圣昊,等.空气泡沫驱腐蚀治理技术研究及应用[J].化学工程与装备,2017(1):116-119.MAO Zhigao,CAO Ying,ZHOU Shenghao,et al.Research and application of air foam flooding treatment technology[J].Chemical Engineering&Equipment,2017(1):116-119.
[9]周权,任韶然,于洪敏,等.注空气驱油中的腐蚀及缓蚀剂加注工艺[J].腐蚀与防护,2009,30(10):745-746,760.ZHOU Quan,REN Shaoran,YU Hongmin,et al.Implantation technique of corrosion inhibitors for air injection enhanced oil recovery[J].Corrosion&Protection,2009,30(10):745-746,760.
[10]李凯凯,杨其彬.空气驱油安全控制研究[J].断块油气田,2008,15(5):93-95.LI Kaikai,YANG Qibin.Safety control of air injection displacement[J].Fault-Block&Gas Field,2008,15(5):93-95.
[11]董亮,姜子涛,杜艳霞,等.地铁杂散电流对管道牺牲阳极的影响及防护[J].石油学报,2016,37(1):117-124.DONG Liang,JIANG Zitao,DU Yanxia,et al.Influence and protection of metro stray current on pipeline sacrificial anode[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(1):117-124.
[12]樊恒,闫相祯,冯耀荣,等.基于分项系数法的套管实用可靠度设计方法[J].石油学报,2016,37(6):807-814.FAN Heng,YAN Xiangzhen,FENG Yaorong,et al.Practical reliability design method of casing based on partial coefficient method[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(6):807-814.
[13]张鹏,彭杨.考虑随机变量相关性的腐蚀管道失效概率[J].石油学报,2016,37(10):1293-1301.ZHANG Peng,PENG Yang.Failure probability of corroded pipeline considering random variables correlation[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(10):1293-1301.
[14]张智,刘志伟,谢玉洪,等.井筒载荷-腐蚀耦合作用对碳钢套管服役寿命的影响[J].石油学报,2017,38(3):342-347,362.ZHANG Zhi,LIU Zhiwei,XIE Yuhong,et al.Influence of shaft load-corrosion coupling on the service life of carbon steel casing pipe[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(3):342-347,362.
[15]张新生,李亚云,王小完.基于逆高斯过程的腐蚀油气管道维修策略[J].石油学报,2017,38(3):356-362.ZHANG Xinsheng,LI Yayun,WANG Xiaowan.Maintenance strategy of corroded oil-gas pipeline based on inverse Gaussian process[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(3):356-362.
[16]何东升,郭简,张鹏.腐蚀管道剩余强度评价方法及其应用[J].石油学报,2007,28(6):125-128.HE Dongsheng,GUO Jian,ZHANG Peng.Assessment method for remaining strength of corroded pipeline and its application[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2007,28(6):125-128.
[17]顾春元,狄勤丰,王掌洪.N80钢在地层水中的应力腐蚀行为研究[J].石油学报,2006,27(2):141-144.GU Chunyuan,DI Qinfeng,WANG Zhanghong.Stress corrosion performance of N80 steel in formation water[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2006,27(2):141-144.
[18]廖广志,杨怀军,蒋有伟,等.减氧空气驱适用范围及氧含量界限[J].石油勘探与开发,2018,45(1):105-110.LIAO Guangzhi,YANG Huaijun,JIANG Youwei,et al.Applicable scope of oxygen-reduced air flooding and the limit of oxygen content[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2018,45(1):105-110.
[19] WU W,HAO W K,LIU Z Y,et al.Corrosion behavior of E690high-strength steel in alternating wet-dry marine environment with different pH values[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2015,24(12):4636-4646.
[20] CHEN Mingyan,WANG Hua,LIU Yucheng,et al.Corrosion behavior study of oil casing steel on alternate injection air and foam liquid in air-foam flooding for enhance oil recovery[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2017,165:970-977.
[21] ZURILLA R W,SEN R K,YEAGER E.The kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction on gold in alkaline solution[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1978,125(7):1103-1109.
[22] TANNER E E L,XIONG Linhongjia,BARNES E O,et al.One electron oxygen reduction in room temperature ionic liquids:a comparative study of Butler-Volmer and Symmetric MarcusHush theories using microdisc electrodes[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2014,727:59-68.
[23] BOCKRIS J O M,GOCHEV A.Temperature dependence of the symmetry factor in electrode kinetics[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry,1986,90(21):5232-5239.
[24] NORDSVEEN M,NEIC′S,NYBORG R,et al.A mechanistic model for carbon dioxide corrosion of mild steel in the presence of protective iron carbonate films—part 1:theory and verification[J].Corrosion,2003,59(5):443-456.
[25] NEEIC′S,NORDSVEEN M,NYBORG R,et al.A mechanistic model for carbon dioxide corrosion of mild steel in the presence of protective iron carbonate films—part 2:a numerical experiment[J].Corrosion,2003,59(6):489-497.
[26]油气田开发专业标准化技术委员会.碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法:SY/T5329—2012[S].北京:石油工业出版社,2012.Standardization Technical Committees of Oil&Gas Field Development Engineering.Water quality standard and practice for analysis of oilfield injecting waters in clastic reservoirs:SY/T5329—2012[S].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2012.
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