土地征收对农户就业及福利的影响——基于CHIP数据的实证分析
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摘要
被征地农民的再就业一直备受关注。为此,本文提出了一个综合性分析框架,系统梳理了征地影响劳动力配置的作用机制,并进一步利用中国家庭收入调查(CHIP)数据,运用SUR回归、Heckman两步法、分位数回归等方法检验了征地对农民就业及福利的影响。统计分析显示:征地后,仅有2%的劳动力处于失业/待业状态,多数被征地农民都会在本地继续从事农业或者有工资性收入的工作,也有一部分在本地从事非农经营或者外出务工。实证研究揭示:(1)征地推动了农民就业转换。征地后,农户配置在农业上的劳动力显著下降,从农业上退出来的劳动力主要转换到本地非农就业上。同时,从统计显著性来看,农户失业/待业的可能性、家庭失业/待业率也因征地而提升。(2)征地改善了农户整体福利。被征地家庭人均可支配收入、人均消费支出、人均工资性收入均得到显著提高,尤其以中等收入/消费组农户的收入/消费提升得最为显著。鉴于增加的消费主要是生存性消费,征地对农户的幸福感和自评健康的影响微弱。
The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of land acquisition on labor allocation,especially to answer whether the labor force can be converted to non-farm work from agriculture. Seemingly unrelated regression(SUR) model,Heckman two-step estimation and quantile regression model were employed to estimate the influence of land acquisition on farmers' employment and welfare with the Chinese Household Income Project(CHIP) data. Descriptive analysis shows that only 2% of land-lost farmers are out of work or in jobwaiting,the majority continues to work in agriculture or do wage work locally,and a few percent engage in non-farm business locally or work outside. Further empirical findings reveal that:(1)Land acquisition has promoted the transformation of farmers' employment. The labor force allocated in agriculture decreased remarkably after land acquisition. The labor force out from agriculture were converted to local non-farm work. Meanwhile,the likelihood of being out of work or in job-waiting and the unemployment/job-waiting ratio were also increased in terms of statistical significance.(2)Land acquisition improved the overall welfare of farmers. Per capita disposable income,per capita consumption and per capita wage income were improved after land acquisition,especially the income and consumption of median-income/consumption group are increased much more significantly. As the increased consumption,however,mainly belongs to subsistence consumption,land acquisition only has a weak effect on subjective well-being and self-assessment health. The key limitation of the study is that it can't fully excavate the long-term impacts of land acquisition,as the data used in this paper belongs to cross-sectional one. Expanding on the previous research approach of examining the local effect and short-term effect,this study estimates the general impact of land acquisition and proposes a comprehensive framework to illustrate how the labor allocation was adjusted via land acquisition.
The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of land acquisition on labor allocation,especially to answer whether the labor force can be converted to non-farm work from agriculture. Seemingly unrelated regression(SUR) model,Heckman two-step estimation and quantile regression model were employed to estimate the influence of land acquisition on farmers' employment and welfare with the Chinese Household Income Project(CHIP) data. Descriptive analysis shows that only 2% of land-lost farmers are out of work or in jobwaiting,the majority continues to work in agriculture or do wage work locally,and a few percent engage in non-farm business locally or work outside. Further empirical findings reveal that:(1)Land acquisition has promoted the transformation of farmers' employment. The labor force allocated in agriculture decreased remarkably after land acquisition. The labor force out from agriculture were converted to local non-farm work. Meanwhile,the likelihood of being out of work or in job-waiting and the unemployment/job-waiting ratio were also increased in terms of statistical significance.(2)Land acquisition improved the overall welfare of farmers. Per capita disposable income,per capita consumption and per capita wage income were improved after land acquisition,especially the income and consumption of median-income/consumption group are increased much more significantly. As the increased consumption,however,mainly belongs to subsistence consumption,land acquisition only has a weak effect on subjective well-being and self-assessment health. The key limitation of the study is that it can't fully excavate the long-term impacts of land acquisition,as the data used in this paper belongs to cross-sectional one. Expanding on the previous research approach of examining the local effect and short-term effect,this study estimates the general impact of land acquisition and proposes a comprehensive framework to illustrate how the labor allocation was adjusted via land acquisition.
引文
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(1)CHIP项目组相继进行了5轮调查,但只有2014年的调查数据包括征地的信息。
(2)实际上,关注很早之前的征地对于研究本文的议题并没有多大的意义。
(1)Heckman两步法一般要求方程(4)至少有一个控制变量与方程(3)不一样。
(2)对于农户从业选择方程,我们也采用了IV Probit模型进行检验,发现检验结果与表6一致。
(1)非征地组平均从事农业生产时间为3.9个月、本地工资性工作时间为2.7个月、主要非农工作时间为8.4个月。
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[8]朱冬梅,方纲.城郊失地农民就业意向、就业选择与社会支持网研究---以成都市龙泉驿区、郫县、都江堰市为例[J].城市发展研究,2008(1):41-45.
[9]陈建伟,王轶.就业安置政策增加失地农民稳定工作机会了吗---基于特大型城市的数据[J].财贸研究,2017(1):48-57.
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[16]吴翠萍.失地农民中的女性再就业研究---一个城郊村落的个案呈现[J].人口与发展,2013(5):17-22.
[17]陈尔彪.被征地农民安置问题探讨---基于广东省的调查[J].中国行政管理,2012(6):87-91.
[18]折晓叶.土地产权的动态建构机制---一个“追索权”分析视角[J].社会学研究,2018(3):25-50.
[19]柴国俊,王军辉.征地、金融约束与劳动力流动[J].人口研究,2017(2):57-70.
[20]刘利.农地征用与农民生活质量的波及因素[J].改革,2014(11):92-99.
[21]崔宝玉,谢煜.失地农户养老保障对劳动供给的影响---农村土地的社会保障功能[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(12):154-165.
[22]陈建伟,王轶.就业安置政策增加失地农民稳定工作机会了吗---基于特大型城市的数据[J].财贸研究,2017(1):48-57.
[23]王晓刚,陈浩.失地农民就业质量的影响因素分析---以武汉市江夏区龚家铺村为例[J].城市问题,2014(1):63-70.
[24]谢勇.土地征用、就业冲击与就业分化---基于江苏省南京市失地农民的实证研究[J].中国人口科学,2010(2):65-72.
[25]汪险生,郭忠兴.被征地农民的收入下降了吗---来自CFPS数据的证据[J].农业技术经济,2017(6):14-27.
[26]史清华,晋洪涛,卓建伟.征地一定降低农民收入吗:上海7村调查---兼论现行征地制度的缺陷与改革[J].管理世界,2011(3):77-82.
[27]袁方,蔡银莺.城市近郊被征地农民的福利变化及个体差异---以江夏区五里界镇为实证[J].公共管理学报,2012(2):76-82.
[28]LI H,HUANG X,KWAN M P,et al.Changes in Farmers'Welfare from Land Requisition in the Process of Rapid Urbanization[J].Land Use Policy,2015,42:635-641.
[29]王伟,马超.不同征地补偿模式下失地农民福利变化研究---来自准自然实验模糊评价的证据[J].经济与管理研究,2013(4):52-60.
[30]彭开丽,朱海莲.农地城市流转对不同年龄阶段失地农民的福利影响研究[J].中国土地科学,2015(1):71-78.
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(1)CHIP项目组相继进行了5轮调查,但只有2014年的调查数据包括征地的信息。
(2)实际上,关注很早之前的征地对于研究本文的议题并没有多大的意义。
(1)Heckman两步法一般要求方程(4)至少有一个控制变量与方程(3)不一样。
(2)对于农户从业选择方程,我们也采用了IV Probit模型进行检验,发现检验结果与表6一致。
(1)非征地组平均从事农业生产时间为3.9个月、本地工资性工作时间为2.7个月、主要非农工作时间为8.4个月。