健全人对肢体残疾人的自动化行为倾向及其可塑性
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摘要
以残疾人图片和镶嵌残疾人图片的正性行为描述性信息为刺激材料,采用PPT任务和概念启动范式,通过两项实验探讨了健全人对肢体残疾人的自动化趋近/回避行为倾向及其可塑性。结果发现:(1)被试对残疾人表现出显著的自动化回避倾向(实验1);(2)阅读残疾人正性行为描述性材料可促进被试对残疾人的自动化趋近反应,而降低其对该类人群的自动化回避反应(实验2)。因此,广泛而持久地传播现实社会中那些身残志不残的残疾人的正性信息,有助于改善健全人对该类人群的自动化回避倾向。
The present study chose twenty photographs describing physically normal and disabled people(10 able-bodied & 10 disabled) as category stimuli which were displayed in rectangle and oval once,to explore public's automatic behavioral tendency towards the physically disabled persons by the Pull/Push Task(PPT)(Experiment 1) and the priming paradigm of the disabled persons' positive behavior information(Experiment 2).Results revealed:firstly,participants showed significantly automatic avoidance tendency towards the disabled persons;secondly,positive information did not only improve the public's automatic approach tendency towards the disabled,but also weakened their automatic avoidance tendency towards the targets.These results suggest that the public show avoidance behavior towards the disabled automatically,and exposing disabled person's positive behavior can reduce such a tendency.Therefore,disseminating the positive information about disable persons universally could improve public's automatic approach tendency towards the disabled persons.
The present study chose twenty photographs describing physically normal and disabled people(10 able-bodied & 10 disabled) as category stimuli which were displayed in rectangle and oval once,to explore public's automatic behavioral tendency towards the physically disabled persons by the Pull/Push Task(PPT)(Experiment 1) and the priming paradigm of the disabled persons' positive behavior information(Experiment 2).Results revealed:firstly,participants showed significantly automatic avoidance tendency towards the disabled persons;secondly,positive information did not only improve the public's automatic approach tendency towards the disabled,but also weakened their automatic avoidance tendency towards the targets.These results suggest that the public show avoidance behavior towards the disabled automatically,and exposing disabled person's positive behavior can reduce such a tendency.Therefore,disseminating the positive information about disable persons universally could improve public's automatic approach tendency towards the disabled persons.
引文
马婷,徐钟庚,张锋.(2012).健全人群对智障人群的态度研究:现状与展望.应用心理学,18(3),269-278.
马婷,徐钟庚,叶莉芳,张锋.(2014).基于文本阅读的间接接触也可改善公众对残疾人的态度.应用心理学,20(1),49-59
周艳艳,马婷,张锋.(2014).健全人对残疾人的内隐认知评价及其可塑性——基于文本阅读的间接接触的启动效应.应用心理学,20(4),339-357.
Barr,J.J.,& Bracchitta,K.(2015).Attitudes toward individuals with disabilities:The effects of contact with different disability types.Current Psychology,34(2),223-238.
Chen,M.,& Bargh,J.A.(1999).Consequences of automatic evaluation:Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,25(2),215-224.
Curtis,V.,Aunger,R.,& Rabie,T.(2004).Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease.Proceedings of the Royal Society London B,271(S4):131-133.
Dovidio,J.F.,Pagotto,L.,& Hebl,M.R.(2011).Implicit attitudes and discrimination against people with physical disabilities.In:R.L.Wiener,& S.L.Willborn(Eds).Disability and Aging Discrimination:Perspectives in law and psychology.New York,NY:Springer Link Publishing.
Fichten,C.S.(1986).Self,other and situation-referent automatic thoughts:Interaction between people who have a physical disability and those who do not.Cognitive Therapy and Research,10(5):571-587.
Fichten,C.S.,Amsel,R.,Robillard,K.,& Tagalakis,V.(1991).Thoughts about encounters between nondisabled and disabled peers:Situational constraints,states-of-mind,valenced thought categories.Cognitive Therapy and Research,15(5):345-369.
Huskin,P.R.,Reiser-Robbins,C.,& Kwon,S.(2017).Attitudes of undergraduate students toward persons with disabilities:Exploring effects of contact experience on social distance across ten disability types.Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,(1):0034355217727600.
Jahoda,A.,& Markova,I.(2004).Coping with social stigma:People with intellectual disabilities moving from institutions and family home.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,48(8),719-729.
Kleck,R.(1969).Physical stigma and task oriented interactions.Human Relations,22(1),53-60.
Knobloch,L.K.(2005).Evaluating a contextual model of responses to relational uncertainty increasing events:The role of intimacy,appraisals,and emotions.Human Communication Research,31(1):60-101.
Kowalska,J.,& Winnicka,J.(2013).Attitudes of undergraduate students towards persons with disabilities;the role of the need for social approval.Polish Psychological Bulletin,44(1),40-49.
Kurzban,R.,& Leary,M.R.(2001).Evolutionary origins of stigmatization:The functions of social exclusion.Psychological Bulletin,127(2),187-208.
Louvet,E.(2007).Social judgment toward job applicants with disabilities:Perception of personal qualities and competences.Rehabilitation Psychology,52(3):297-303.
Marsh A.A,Ambady N,& Kleck R.E.(2005).The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach-and avoidance-related behaviors.Emotion,5(1),119-124.
McCaughey,T.(2009).Individual and situational factors associated with social barriers for persons with mobility impairment.For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Psychology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Merritt,S.,Gardner,C.,Huber,K.,Wexler,B.,Banister,C.,& Staley,A.(2018).Imagine me and you,I do:Effects of imagined intergroup contact on anti-fat bias in the context of job interviews.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,48(4):80-89
Neuberg,S.L.,& Cottrell,C.A.(2008).Managing the threats and opportunities afforded by human sociality.Group Dynamics:Theory,Research,and Practice,12(1):63-72.
Neumann,R.,Hulsenbeck,K.,& Seibt,B.(2004).Attitudes toward people with AIDS and avoidance behavior:Automatic and reflective bases of behavior.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,40(4),543-550.
Phills,C.E.,& Kawakami,K.(2005).From prejudice to approaching social categories and back:The relationship between attitudes and approach behaviors.Paper presented at the 6th Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology,New Orleans,Louisiana.
Rinck,M.& Becker,E.S.(2007).Approach and avoidance in fear of spiders.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,38(2),105-120.
Rohmer,O.,& Louvet,E.(2012).Implicit measures of the stereotype content associated with disability.British Journal of Social Psychology,51(4),732-740.
Roper,P.A.(1990a).Special Olympics volunteers’ perceptions of people with mental retardation.Education and Training Mental Retardation,25(2),164-175.
Roper,P.A.(1990b).Changing perceptions through contact.Disability,Handicap and Society,5(3),243-255.
Schaller,M.,& Duncan,L.A.(2007).The behavioral immune system:Its evolution and social psychological implications.In J.P.Forgas,M.G.Haselton,& W.von Hippel(Eds.),Evolution and the social mind:Evolutionary psychology and social cognition(pp.293-307).New York:Psychology Press.
Siperstein,G.N.,Norins,J.,Corbin,S.B.,& Shriver T.(2003).Multinational study of attitudes toward individuals with intellectual disabilities:General findings and calls to action.A Special Olympics Report.Washington DC:Special Olympics Inc.http://www.sustainable-design.ie/arch/2003 Special Olympics-multinational study.pdf
Walker,J.,& Scior,K.(2013).Tackling stigma associated with intellectual disability among the general public:A study of two indirect contact interventions.Research in Developmental Disabilities,34(7),2200-2210.
Wiers,R.W.,Rinck,M.,Dictus,M.,& Van Den Wildenberg,E.(2009).Relatively strong automatic appetitive action-tendencies in male carriers of the OPRM1 G-allele.Genes,Brain and Behavior,8(1),101-106.
Wiers,R.W.,Rinck,M.,Kordts,R.,Houben,K.,& Strack,F.(2010).Retraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers.Addiction,105(2),279-287.
Wiers,R.W.,Eberl,C.,Rinck,M.,Becker,E.,& Lindenmeyer,J.(2011).Retraining automatic action tendencies changes alcoholic patients’ approach bias for alcohol and improves treatment outcome.Psychological Science,22(4),490-497.
Wilson,M.C.,& Scior,K.(2014).Attitudes towards individuals with disabilities as measured by the Implicit Association Test:A literature review.Research in Developmental Disabilities,35(2),294-321.
Zhou,Y.-Y.,Li,X.-Y,Zhang,M.,Zhang,F.,Zhu,C.,& Shen M.-W.(2012).Behavioural approach tendencies to heroin-related stimuli in abstinent heroin abusers.Psychopharmacology,221,171-176.
马婷,徐钟庚,叶莉芳,张锋.(2014).基于文本阅读的间接接触也可改善公众对残疾人的态度.应用心理学,20(1),49-59
周艳艳,马婷,张锋.(2014).健全人对残疾人的内隐认知评价及其可塑性——基于文本阅读的间接接触的启动效应.应用心理学,20(4),339-357.
Barr,J.J.,& Bracchitta,K.(2015).Attitudes toward individuals with disabilities:The effects of contact with different disability types.Current Psychology,34(2),223-238.
Chen,M.,& Bargh,J.A.(1999).Consequences of automatic evaluation:Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,25(2),215-224.
Curtis,V.,Aunger,R.,& Rabie,T.(2004).Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease.Proceedings of the Royal Society London B,271(S4):131-133.
Dovidio,J.F.,Pagotto,L.,& Hebl,M.R.(2011).Implicit attitudes and discrimination against people with physical disabilities.In:R.L.Wiener,& S.L.Willborn(Eds).Disability and Aging Discrimination:Perspectives in law and psychology.New York,NY:Springer Link Publishing.
Fichten,C.S.(1986).Self,other and situation-referent automatic thoughts:Interaction between people who have a physical disability and those who do not.Cognitive Therapy and Research,10(5):571-587.
Fichten,C.S.,Amsel,R.,Robillard,K.,& Tagalakis,V.(1991).Thoughts about encounters between nondisabled and disabled peers:Situational constraints,states-of-mind,valenced thought categories.Cognitive Therapy and Research,15(5):345-369.
Huskin,P.R.,Reiser-Robbins,C.,& Kwon,S.(2017).Attitudes of undergraduate students toward persons with disabilities:Exploring effects of contact experience on social distance across ten disability types.Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,(1):0034355217727600.
Jahoda,A.,& Markova,I.(2004).Coping with social stigma:People with intellectual disabilities moving from institutions and family home.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,48(8),719-729.
Kleck,R.(1969).Physical stigma and task oriented interactions.Human Relations,22(1),53-60.
Knobloch,L.K.(2005).Evaluating a contextual model of responses to relational uncertainty increasing events:The role of intimacy,appraisals,and emotions.Human Communication Research,31(1):60-101.
Kowalska,J.,& Winnicka,J.(2013).Attitudes of undergraduate students towards persons with disabilities;the role of the need for social approval.Polish Psychological Bulletin,44(1),40-49.
Kurzban,R.,& Leary,M.R.(2001).Evolutionary origins of stigmatization:The functions of social exclusion.Psychological Bulletin,127(2),187-208.
Louvet,E.(2007).Social judgment toward job applicants with disabilities:Perception of personal qualities and competences.Rehabilitation Psychology,52(3):297-303.
Marsh A.A,Ambady N,& Kleck R.E.(2005).The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach-and avoidance-related behaviors.Emotion,5(1),119-124.
McCaughey,T.(2009).Individual and situational factors associated with social barriers for persons with mobility impairment.For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Psychology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Merritt,S.,Gardner,C.,Huber,K.,Wexler,B.,Banister,C.,& Staley,A.(2018).Imagine me and you,I do:Effects of imagined intergroup contact on anti-fat bias in the context of job interviews.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,48(4):80-89
Neuberg,S.L.,& Cottrell,C.A.(2008).Managing the threats and opportunities afforded by human sociality.Group Dynamics:Theory,Research,and Practice,12(1):63-72.
Neumann,R.,Hulsenbeck,K.,& Seibt,B.(2004).Attitudes toward people with AIDS and avoidance behavior:Automatic and reflective bases of behavior.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,40(4),543-550.
Phills,C.E.,& Kawakami,K.(2005).From prejudice to approaching social categories and back:The relationship between attitudes and approach behaviors.Paper presented at the 6th Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology,New Orleans,Louisiana.
Rinck,M.& Becker,E.S.(2007).Approach and avoidance in fear of spiders.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,38(2),105-120.
Rohmer,O.,& Louvet,E.(2012).Implicit measures of the stereotype content associated with disability.British Journal of Social Psychology,51(4),732-740.
Roper,P.A.(1990a).Special Olympics volunteers’ perceptions of people with mental retardation.Education and Training Mental Retardation,25(2),164-175.
Roper,P.A.(1990b).Changing perceptions through contact.Disability,Handicap and Society,5(3),243-255.
Schaller,M.,& Duncan,L.A.(2007).The behavioral immune system:Its evolution and social psychological implications.In J.P.Forgas,M.G.Haselton,& W.von Hippel(Eds.),Evolution and the social mind:Evolutionary psychology and social cognition(pp.293-307).New York:Psychology Press.
Siperstein,G.N.,Norins,J.,Corbin,S.B.,& Shriver T.(2003).Multinational study of attitudes toward individuals with intellectual disabilities:General findings and calls to action.A Special Olympics Report.Washington DC:Special Olympics Inc.http://www.sustainable-design.ie/arch/2003 Special Olympics-multinational study.pdf
Walker,J.,& Scior,K.(2013).Tackling stigma associated with intellectual disability among the general public:A study of two indirect contact interventions.Research in Developmental Disabilities,34(7),2200-2210.
Wiers,R.W.,Rinck,M.,Dictus,M.,& Van Den Wildenberg,E.(2009).Relatively strong automatic appetitive action-tendencies in male carriers of the OPRM1 G-allele.Genes,Brain and Behavior,8(1),101-106.
Wiers,R.W.,Rinck,M.,Kordts,R.,Houben,K.,& Strack,F.(2010).Retraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers.Addiction,105(2),279-287.
Wiers,R.W.,Eberl,C.,Rinck,M.,Becker,E.,& Lindenmeyer,J.(2011).Retraining automatic action tendencies changes alcoholic patients’ approach bias for alcohol and improves treatment outcome.Psychological Science,22(4),490-497.
Wilson,M.C.,& Scior,K.(2014).Attitudes towards individuals with disabilities as measured by the Implicit Association Test:A literature review.Research in Developmental Disabilities,35(2),294-321.
Zhou,Y.-Y.,Li,X.-Y,Zhang,M.,Zhang,F.,Zhu,C.,& Shen M.-W.(2012).Behavioural approach tendencies to heroin-related stimuli in abstinent heroin abusers.Psychopharmacology,221,171-176.