基于能值分析的秸秆-羊-田循环系统生产效率与可持续性评估
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摘要
生态循环农业是解决现代规模化养殖污染的有效手段。该文使用能值分析方法,对现代"秸秆-羊-田"循环系统的生产效率与可持续性进行评估。结果表明,与单一湖羊养殖系统相比,"秸秆-羊-田"复合循环系统的能值转换率降低96.09%,表明循环系统大大提高了终端产品的能值利用效率;能值投资率和环境负载率降低程度达67.66%以上,而可持续发展指数明显增加,表明循环系统在生产过程中能够较好地降低环境压力而具有很好的可持续发展潜力;净能值产出率和能值产投比分别降低70.32%和70.43%,表明复合生态循环系统的生产效率和经济效益有所降低,主要是由于生产原材料(豆粕、秸秆等)、基建与设备投入增加造成。因此,需要对其提供的生态服务功能的正外部性进行经济补偿,补偿标准为380.76元/(只·a)。然而,如果对目前的循环生产过程进行优化,理论上能够提高净能值产出率,从而实现对循环系统环境效益的自我补偿。
Ecological recycling agriculture is an effective practice to solve the pollution from large-scale livestock farming.This study evaluated the production efficiency and sustainability of the straw-sheep-cropland integrated agroecosystem.This integrated system included four subsystems,as the sheep raising subsystem,the organic composting subsystem,the cropping subsystem and the feed producing subsystem.For the sheep raising subsystem,the emergy input of renewable resources was 2.33×10~(12 )Sej,accounting for<0.01%;the emergy input of non-renewable resources was 9.68×10~(15 )Sej,accounting for 0.24%;the purchased economic resource emergy was 4.03×10~(18 )Sej,accounting for 99.76%,in which feed and labor were two main components,with a proportion of 84.22% and 10.06%respectively.The emergy output of the sheep husbandary subsystem was 2.65×10~(19 )Sej,including the sheep and manure,accounting for 17.70% and 82.30% respectively.For the organic composting subsystem,the emergy input of renewable resources was 7.69×10~(12 )Sej,accounting for<0.01%;the purchased economic resource emergy input was 2.44×10~(19 )Sej,accounting for>99.90%;in which the raw materials for producing organic fertilizers accounted for the most,including the manure and straw residues with a proportion of 89.31% and 8.81%respectively.The emergy output for the organic compost subsystem was 2.06×10~(19 )Sej,including two sections with equal proportion,one for inside using and the other for outside selling.For the cropping subsystem,the emergy input of renewable resources was 1.12×10~(17 )Sej,accounting for 6.16%;the non-renewable resource emergy input was 7.06×10~(15 )Sej,accounting for 0.38%;the purchased economic emergy was 1.46×10~(18 )Sej,accounting for 93.46%,in which the chemical fertilizer,labor,electricity,machinery and diesel were the main components with a proportion of 33.60%,26.86%,15.99%,12.78% and 8.61%,respectively.The emergy output was 2.57×10~(18 )Sej,including two parts,grain accounted for 54.08% and straw residues accounted with 45.91%.For the feed-production subsystem,the renewable resource emergy input was 1.95×10~(13 )Sej,accounting for<0.01%;the purchased economic resource was 1.23×10~(19 )Sej,accounting for>99.99%,in which the soybean meal and straw residues were two main components,with a proportion of 20.31% and 50.32%,respectively.The only emergy output was feed of 2.11×10~(19 )Sej,with two parts with the inside using of 16.13% and outside selling of 83.87%.Results of evaluation for the integrated system showed that the unit emergy value(UEV)was reduced by 96.09%,which was suggested that the emergy use efficiency was greatly increased comparing to the single sheep husbandry.The emergy investment ratio(EIR)and environment loading ratio(ELR)were decreased by>67.66%,respectively,while the emergy sustainability index(ESI)was evidently enhanced,suggesting that the integrated agroecosystem has a good sustainable potential with low environmental pressure.However,the net emergy yield ratio(EYR)and emergy yield-investment ratio were decreased by70.32% and 70.43%,respectively,suggesting that the production efficiency and economic benefit were reduced in the integrated agroecosystem.This was caused by increasing cost from raw materials(i.e.bean dregs or straw residues),buildings and equipment.Therefore,the ecological compensation is needed for the positive externality of ecosystem services from the integrated agroecosystem.The compensation standard was estimated as$380.76/sheep per year based on the net emergy benefit difference.Nonetheless,once the current integrated system is optimized,EYR will be increased in theory and the integrated system can achieve self-compensation for its positive environmental benefits.
Ecological recycling agriculture is an effective practice to solve the pollution from large-scale livestock farming.This study evaluated the production efficiency and sustainability of the straw-sheep-cropland integrated agroecosystem.This integrated system included four subsystems,as the sheep raising subsystem,the organic composting subsystem,the cropping subsystem and the feed producing subsystem.For the sheep raising subsystem,the emergy input of renewable resources was 2.33×10~(12 )Sej,accounting for<0.01%;the emergy input of non-renewable resources was 9.68×10~(15 )Sej,accounting for 0.24%;the purchased economic resource emergy was 4.03×10~(18 )Sej,accounting for 99.76%,in which feed and labor were two main components,with a proportion of 84.22% and 10.06%respectively.The emergy output of the sheep husbandary subsystem was 2.65×10~(19 )Sej,including the sheep and manure,accounting for 17.70% and 82.30% respectively.For the organic composting subsystem,the emergy input of renewable resources was 7.69×10~(12 )Sej,accounting for<0.01%;the purchased economic resource emergy input was 2.44×10~(19 )Sej,accounting for>99.90%;in which the raw materials for producing organic fertilizers accounted for the most,including the manure and straw residues with a proportion of 89.31% and 8.81%respectively.The emergy output for the organic compost subsystem was 2.06×10~(19 )Sej,including two sections with equal proportion,one for inside using and the other for outside selling.For the cropping subsystem,the emergy input of renewable resources was 1.12×10~(17 )Sej,accounting for 6.16%;the non-renewable resource emergy input was 7.06×10~(15 )Sej,accounting for 0.38%;the purchased economic emergy was 1.46×10~(18 )Sej,accounting for 93.46%,in which the chemical fertilizer,labor,electricity,machinery and diesel were the main components with a proportion of 33.60%,26.86%,15.99%,12.78% and 8.61%,respectively.The emergy output was 2.57×10~(18 )Sej,including two parts,grain accounted for 54.08% and straw residues accounted with 45.91%.For the feed-production subsystem,the renewable resource emergy input was 1.95×10~(13 )Sej,accounting for<0.01%;the purchased economic resource was 1.23×10~(19 )Sej,accounting for>99.99%,in which the soybean meal and straw residues were two main components,with a proportion of 20.31% and 50.32%,respectively.The only emergy output was feed of 2.11×10~(19 )Sej,with two parts with the inside using of 16.13% and outside selling of 83.87%.Results of evaluation for the integrated system showed that the unit emergy value(UEV)was reduced by 96.09%,which was suggested that the emergy use efficiency was greatly increased comparing to the single sheep husbandry.The emergy investment ratio(EIR)and environment loading ratio(ELR)were decreased by>67.66%,respectively,while the emergy sustainability index(ESI)was evidently enhanced,suggesting that the integrated agroecosystem has a good sustainable potential with low environmental pressure.However,the net emergy yield ratio(EYR)and emergy yield-investment ratio were decreased by70.32% and 70.43%,respectively,suggesting that the production efficiency and economic benefit were reduced in the integrated agroecosystem.This was caused by increasing cost from raw materials(i.e.bean dregs or straw residues),buildings and equipment.Therefore,the ecological compensation is needed for the positive externality of ecosystem services from the integrated agroecosystem.The compensation standard was estimated as$380.76/sheep per year based on the net emergy benefit difference.Nonetheless,once the current integrated system is optimized,EYR will be increased in theory and the integrated system can achieve self-compensation for its positive environmental benefits.
引文
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[2]包维卿,刘继军,安捷,等.中国畜禽粪便资源量评估相关参数取值商榷[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(24):314-322.Bao Weiqing,Liu Jijun,An Jie,et al.Discussion on value-taking of relative parameters for assessment of livestock and poultry excrement resource in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(24):314-322.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]刘波,刘筱,韩宇捷,等.规模化养猪场典型沼气工程各排放节点氨排放特征研究[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(23):179-186Liu Bo,Liu Xiao,Han Yujie,et al.Study on emission characteristics of ammonia from anaerobic digesters in industrial pig farm[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(23):179-186.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]张丛光,韩建聪,邱凌,等.基于能值方法的“五配套”生态果园可持续性评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(2):276-285.Zhang Congguang,Han Jiancong,Qiu Ling,et al.Emergy method-based evaluation of the sustainability of the"Five-in-One"ecological orchard system[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(2):276-285.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]孙路,田国成,吴发启.关中“猪-沼-粮”循环农业的能值评价[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(2):246-252.Sun Lu,Tian Guocheng,Wu Faqi.Emergy evaluation of“Pig-Biogas-Crop”circular agriculture in the Guanzhong Regions[J].Agricultural Research in Arid region,2015,33(2):246-252.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]黄宇.小流域综合治理新设计研究:猪沼果模式[J].环境科学与管理,2018,43(3):72-74.Huang Yu.New design of comprehensive management of small watershed with Pic-Bog-Fruit model[J].Environmental Science and Management,2018,43(3):72-74.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]刘冲,张瑞明,李珍珍,等.蔬菜园艺场种养结合规模匹配探索[J].长江蔬菜,2013(2):52-55.Liu Chong,Zhang Ruiming,Li Zhenzhen,et al.Research on scale matching of planting-breeding combined pattern in vegetable farms[J].Journal of Changjiang Vegetables,2013(2):52-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]王德福,黄会男,张洪建,等.生猪养殖设施工程技术研究现状与发展分析[J].农业机械学报,2018,49(11):1-14.Wang Defu,Huang Huinan,Zhang Hongjian,et al.Analysis of research status and development on engineering technology of swine farming facilities[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(11):1-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Yang Haishui,Yu Degui,Zhou Jiajia,et al.Rice-duck co-culture for reducing negative impacts of biogas slurry application in rice production systems[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2018,213:142-150.
[10]Odum H T.Self-organization,transformity,and information[J].Science,1988,242(4882):1132-1139.
[11]周连第,胡艳霞,王亚芝,等.京郊农业生物循环系统生态经济能值评估:以密云尖岩村为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(23):7346-7354.Zhou Liandi,Hu Yanxia,Wang Yazhi,et al.Emergy evaluation of an agro-circulation system in Beijing suburb:Take Jianyan village as a case study[J].Acta Oecologica,2012,32(23):7346-7354.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]郝仕龙,李春静,李壁成.黄土丘陵沟壑区农业生态系统服务的物质量及价值量评价[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(5):166-171.Hao Shilong,Li Chunjing,Li Bicheng.Assessment on mass and value for agro-ecosystem services in loess hilly and gully region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(5):166-171.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]王小龙,韩玉,陈源泉,等.基于能值分析的无公害设施蔬菜生产系统效率和可持续性评价[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2136-2145.Wang Xiaolong,Han Yu,Chen Yuanquan,et al.Efficiency and sustainability evaluation of a pollution-free vegetable production system based on emergy analysis[J].Acta Oecologica,2015,35(7):2136-2145.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]钟珍梅,黄勤楼,翁伯琦,等.以沼气为纽带的种养结合循环农业系统能值分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(14):196-200.Zhong Zhenmei,Huang Qinlou,Weng Boqi,et al.Energy analysis on planting-breeding circulating agriculture ecosystem linked by biogas[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(14):196-200.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]徐东晨.当前湖羊养殖应注意的几个问题[J].当代畜牧,2014(26):41-42.Xu Dongchen.Some issues to be aware in sheep husbandry[J].Current Husbandry,2014(26):41-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]顾春梅,蒋柏荣.桐乡湖羊养殖现状及发展对策调研报告[J].当代畜牧,2013(24):67-69.Gu Chunmei,Jiang Bairong.Current status and development strategy for sheep husbandry in Tongxiang[J].Current Husbandry,2013(24):67-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]王晓莉,孟庆国.农业现代化进程中合作农场型生态循环农业的制度创新机制研究:以江苏太仓东林农场为例[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(1):52-56.Wang Xiaoli,Meng Qingguo.Institutional innovation mechanism of eco-recycling type cooperative farms:A case study of Donglin cooperative farm in Taicang County of Jiangsu Province[J].Research in Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(1):52-56.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]Odum H T.Folio#2:Emergy of Global Processes.Handbook of Emergy Evaluation[M].Center for Environmental Policy,University of Florida,Gainesville,F L,2000.
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