三维随机粗糙海面与舰船的复合电磁特性的高频方法分析研究
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摘要
3维随机粗糙海面与其上方复杂目标复合电磁(EM)散射特性的建模与分析在微波遥感、目标识别、雷达成像、导弹制导等领域中有着重要的研究价值。该文主要研究了基于高频算法的随机粗糙海面及舰船的复合电磁散射特性,开发了PO-IPO混合方法,为3维随机粗糙海面与复杂目标一体化高效求解提供了新思路。文中分别使用了物理光学方法(PO)、迭代物理光学方法(IPO)、PO-PO以及PO-IPO混合方法对海面及舰船进行了建模与仿真,其中,引入锥形波来代替平面波作为发射源,锥形波可以更好地抑制粗糙面在边缘位置被突然截断而形成的电磁反射和边缘绕射等效应。从数值仿真结果中可以看出,PO-IPO混合方法可将复杂物体本身面元间以及粗糙海面与物体间的耦合作用考虑在内,因此PO-IPO可以作为一种有效的途径来快速获取随机粗糙海面及舰船的复合电磁散射特性。
The study on the composite ElectroMagnetic(EM) scattering characteristics of electrically large ships over a random rough surface is significant in the fields of microwave remote sensing, target recognition, and radar imaging. In this paper, an efficient PO-IPO hybrid method is proposed to analyze the scattering from complex targets over the sea surface. The PO method can be used to analyze the scattering from an electrically large sea surface. However, low accuracy will be achieved for targets with complex structures. Therefore, the IPO is applied for computation herein. In the numerical results, several high-frequency methods(PO, IPO,PO-PO, and PO-IPO) are used to analyze the scattering characteristics of targets over the sea surface. Notably,the tapered wave is used as the source in the numerical results, which can restrain the EM reflection and edge diffraction. The results also indicate that the proposed PO-IPO can be used as an efficient tool to obtain the scattering characteristics of complex targets over the sea surface.
The study on the composite ElectroMagnetic(EM) scattering characteristics of electrically large ships over a random rough surface is significant in the fields of microwave remote sensing, target recognition, and radar imaging. In this paper, an efficient PO-IPO hybrid method is proposed to analyze the scattering from complex targets over the sea surface. The PO method can be used to analyze the scattering from an electrically large sea surface. However, low accuracy will be achieved for targets with complex structures. Therefore, the IPO is applied for computation herein. In the numerical results, several high-frequency methods(PO, IPO,PO-PO, and PO-IPO) are used to analyze the scattering characteristics of targets over the sea surface. Notably,the tapered wave is used as the source in the numerical results, which can restrain the EM reflection and edge diffraction. The results also indicate that the proposed PO-IPO can be used as an efficient tool to obtain the scattering characteristics of complex targets over the sea surface.
引文
[1]THORSOS E I.The validity of the Kirchhoff approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1988,83(1):78-92.doi:10.1121/1.396188.
[2]LEADER J.The relationship between the Kirchhoff approach and small perturbation analysis in rough surface scattering theory[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1971,19(6):786-788.doi:10.1109/TAP.1971.1140044.
[3]BASS F G and FUKS I M.Wave Scattering from Statistically Rough Surfaces[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1979.
[4]FUKS I M.Wave diffraction by a rough boundary of an arbitrary plane-layered medium[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2001,49(4):630-639.doi:10.1109/8.923325.
[5]魏鹏博,江旺强,张晓梨,等.基于小斜率近似方法的沥青路面电磁散射[C].第十二届全国电波传播学术讨论会论文集,青岛,2013.WEI Pengbo,JIANG Wangqiang,ZHANG Xiaoli,et al.Electromagnetic L scattering of asphalt pavement based on small slope approximation method[C].National Symposium on Radio Communication,Qingdao,2013.
[6]JOHNSON J T,SHIN R T,KONG Jinau,et al.Anumerical study of the composite surface model for ocean backscattering[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1998,36(1):72-83.doi:10.1109/36.655319.
[7]CHEN M F and FUNG A K.A numerical study of the regions of validity of the Kirchhoff and small-perturbation rough surface scattering models[J].Radio Science,1988,23(2):163-170.doi:10.1029/RS023i002p00163.
[8]THORSOS E I and JACKSON D R.The validity of the perturbation approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1989,86(1):261-277.doi:10.1121/1.398342.
[9]JOHNSON J T.A numerical study of scattering from an object above a rough surface[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2002,50(10):1361-1367.doi:10.1109/TAP.2002.802152.
[10]VORONOVICH A.Small-slope approximation for electromagnetic wave scattering at a rough interface of two dielectric half-spaces[J].Waves in Random Media,1994,4(3):337-367.doi:10.1088/0959-7174/4/3/008.
[11]N I E T O-V E S P E R I N A S M.D e p o l a r i z a t i o n o f electromagnetic waves scattered from slightly rough random surfaces:A study by means of the extinction theorem[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America,1982,72(5):539-547.doi:10.1364/JOSA.72.000539.
[12]BAHAR E and LEE B S.Radar scatter cross sections for two-dimensional random rough surfaces-full wave solutions and comparisons with experiments[J].Waves in Random Media,1996,6(1):1-23.doi:10.1080/13616679609409792.
[13]WINEBRENNER D P and ISHIMARU A.Application of the phase-perturbation technique to randomly rough surfaces[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America A,1985,2(12):2285-2294.doi:10.1364/JOSAA.2.002285.
[14]LIANG Y,ZENG X H,GUO L X,et al.Review on the prestudy about specific target and rough soil surface composite electromagnetic scattering basing on an efficient numerical strategy[C].2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium(PIERS),Shanghai,China,2016:3198.
[15]叶红霞.随机粗糙面与目标复合电磁散射的数值计算方法[D].[博士论文],复旦大学,2007.YE Hongxia.Numerical methods for the composite electromagnetic scattering of random rough surface and targets[D].[Ph.D.dissertation],Fudan University,2007.
[16]朱国强,孙劲,郑立志,等.平板目标与随机粗糙面对电磁波的复合散射[J].武汉大学学报(自然科学版),2000,46(1):99-103.ZHU Guoqiang,SUN Jin,ZHENG Lizhi,et al.Compositescattering of electromagnetic waves by the plate target andrandom rough surface[J].Journal of Wuhan University(Natural Science Edition),2000,46(1):99-103.
[17]杨伟.三维复杂粗糙海面电磁散射建模研究与特性分析[D].[博士论文],电子科技大学,2012.YANG Wei.Charecteristics analysis and modeling research on electromagnetic scattering from 3D complicated rough sea surface[D].[Ph.D.dissertation],University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,2012.
[18]王强,郭立新,刘忠玉.粗糙海面与上方多目标瞬态电磁散射混合算法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2018,45(5):57-63.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-2400.2018.05.010.WANG Qiang,GUO Lixin,and LIU Zhongyu.Hybrid method for transient electromagnetic scattering from multiple targets above the rough sea surface[J].Journal of Xidian University,2018,45(5):57-63.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-2400.2018.05.010.
[19]叶红霞,金亚秋.三维介质粗糙面上导体目标散射的解析-数值混合算法[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(6):1144-1153,1187.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0388.2008.06.025.YE Hongxia and JIN Yaqiu.A hybrid analytical-numerical algorithm for computation of scattering from a 3D PECtarget above a dielectric rough surface[J].Chinese Journal of Radio Science,2008,23(6):1144-1153,1187.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0388.2008.06.025.
[20]张民,郭立新,聂丁,等.海面目标雷达散射特性与电磁成像[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.ZHANG Min,GUO Lixin,NIE Ding,et al.Radar Scattering Characteristics and Electromagnetic Imaging of Targets on the Sea Surface[M].Beijing:Science Press,2015.
[21]金亚秋,刘鹏,叶红霞.随机粗糙面与目标复合散射数值模拟理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.JIN Yaqiu,LIU Peng,and YE Hongxia.Theory and Method of Numerical Simulation of Composite Scattering from the Object and Randomly Rough Surface[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008.
[22]郭立新,王蕊,吴振森.随机粗糙面散射的基本理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.GUO Lixin,WANG Rui,and WU Zhensen.Basics Theory and Method for the Scattering from the Random Rough Surface[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.
[23]康士峰,王显德.粗糙面与目标电磁散射统计特性分析[J].微波学报,2004,20(3):43-46.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6122.2004.03.010.KANG Shifeng and WANG Xiande.Analysis of statistical characteristics for EM scattering from rough surface and target[J].Journal of Microwaves,2004,20(3):43-46.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6122.2004.03.010.
[24]ZHU G Q,CAO Q F,and YANG H L.Analysis of double bounce scattering between target and rough surface[J].Chinese Journal of Radio Science,1996,11(1):80-84.
[25]邹高翔,童创明,高飞,等.复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标复合散射研究[J].电波科学学报,2017,32(3):261-272.doi:10.13443/j.cjors.2017042801.ZOU Gaoxiang,TONG Chuangming,GAO Fei,et al.Composite electromagnetic scattering from tank target above complicated ground rough surface[J].Chinese Journal of Radio Science,2017,32(3):261-272.doi:10.13443/j.cjors.2017042801.
[26]潘小敏,盛新庆,孔雷.电特大舰船电磁环境的并行多层快速多极子研究[J].装备环境工程,2008,5(1):48-52,60.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-9242.2008.01.012.PAN Xiaomin,SHENG Xinqing,and KONG Lei.Analysis on electromagnetic environment of an extremely large ship by parallel MLFMA[J].Equipment Environmental Engineering,2008,5(1):48-52,60.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-9242.2008.01.012.
[27]刁桂杰,许小剑,倪虹,等.舰船目标宽带单脉冲雷达三维成像建模与仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2018,30(7):2515-2524.doi:10.16182/j.issn1004731/x.joss.201807011.DIAO Guijie,XU Xiaojian,NI Hong,et al.Threedimensional imaging modeling and simulation of ships based on wide-band monopulse radar[J].Journal of System Simulation,2018,30(7):2515-2524.doi:10.16182/j.issn1004731/x.joss.201807011.
[28]YE H X and JIN Y Q.Fast iterative approach to electromagnetic scattering from the target above a rough surface[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2006,44(1):108-115.
[29]DING D Z,LI G M,AN Y Y,et al.Application of hierarchical two-level spectral preconditioning method for electromagnetic scattering from the rough surface[J].International Journal of Antennas and Propagation,2014,2014:1-10.doi:10.1155/2014/752418.
[30]AN Yuyuan,WANG Daoxiang,and CHEN Rushan.A fast numerical algorithm for calculating electromagnetic scattering from an object above a rough surface[J].Electromagnetics,2013,33(1):10-22.doi:10.1080/02726343.2013.751006.
[2]LEADER J.The relationship between the Kirchhoff approach and small perturbation analysis in rough surface scattering theory[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1971,19(6):786-788.doi:10.1109/TAP.1971.1140044.
[3]BASS F G and FUKS I M.Wave Scattering from Statistically Rough Surfaces[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1979.
[4]FUKS I M.Wave diffraction by a rough boundary of an arbitrary plane-layered medium[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2001,49(4):630-639.doi:10.1109/8.923325.
[5]魏鹏博,江旺强,张晓梨,等.基于小斜率近似方法的沥青路面电磁散射[C].第十二届全国电波传播学术讨论会论文集,青岛,2013.WEI Pengbo,JIANG Wangqiang,ZHANG Xiaoli,et al.Electromagnetic L scattering of asphalt pavement based on small slope approximation method[C].National Symposium on Radio Communication,Qingdao,2013.
[6]JOHNSON J T,SHIN R T,KONG Jinau,et al.Anumerical study of the composite surface model for ocean backscattering[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1998,36(1):72-83.doi:10.1109/36.655319.
[7]CHEN M F and FUNG A K.A numerical study of the regions of validity of the Kirchhoff and small-perturbation rough surface scattering models[J].Radio Science,1988,23(2):163-170.doi:10.1029/RS023i002p00163.
[8]THORSOS E I and JACKSON D R.The validity of the perturbation approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1989,86(1):261-277.doi:10.1121/1.398342.
[9]JOHNSON J T.A numerical study of scattering from an object above a rough surface[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2002,50(10):1361-1367.doi:10.1109/TAP.2002.802152.
[10]VORONOVICH A.Small-slope approximation for electromagnetic wave scattering at a rough interface of two dielectric half-spaces[J].Waves in Random Media,1994,4(3):337-367.doi:10.1088/0959-7174/4/3/008.
[11]N I E T O-V E S P E R I N A S M.D e p o l a r i z a t i o n o f electromagnetic waves scattered from slightly rough random surfaces:A study by means of the extinction theorem[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America,1982,72(5):539-547.doi:10.1364/JOSA.72.000539.
[12]BAHAR E and LEE B S.Radar scatter cross sections for two-dimensional random rough surfaces-full wave solutions and comparisons with experiments[J].Waves in Random Media,1996,6(1):1-23.doi:10.1080/13616679609409792.
[13]WINEBRENNER D P and ISHIMARU A.Application of the phase-perturbation technique to randomly rough surfaces[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America A,1985,2(12):2285-2294.doi:10.1364/JOSAA.2.002285.
[14]LIANG Y,ZENG X H,GUO L X,et al.Review on the prestudy about specific target and rough soil surface composite electromagnetic scattering basing on an efficient numerical strategy[C].2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium(PIERS),Shanghai,China,2016:3198.
[15]叶红霞.随机粗糙面与目标复合电磁散射的数值计算方法[D].[博士论文],复旦大学,2007.YE Hongxia.Numerical methods for the composite electromagnetic scattering of random rough surface and targets[D].[Ph.D.dissertation],Fudan University,2007.
[16]朱国强,孙劲,郑立志,等.平板目标与随机粗糙面对电磁波的复合散射[J].武汉大学学报(自然科学版),2000,46(1):99-103.ZHU Guoqiang,SUN Jin,ZHENG Lizhi,et al.Compositescattering of electromagnetic waves by the plate target andrandom rough surface[J].Journal of Wuhan University(Natural Science Edition),2000,46(1):99-103.
[17]杨伟.三维复杂粗糙海面电磁散射建模研究与特性分析[D].[博士论文],电子科技大学,2012.YANG Wei.Charecteristics analysis and modeling research on electromagnetic scattering from 3D complicated rough sea surface[D].[Ph.D.dissertation],University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,2012.
[18]王强,郭立新,刘忠玉.粗糙海面与上方多目标瞬态电磁散射混合算法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2018,45(5):57-63.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-2400.2018.05.010.WANG Qiang,GUO Lixin,and LIU Zhongyu.Hybrid method for transient electromagnetic scattering from multiple targets above the rough sea surface[J].Journal of Xidian University,2018,45(5):57-63.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-2400.2018.05.010.
[19]叶红霞,金亚秋.三维介质粗糙面上导体目标散射的解析-数值混合算法[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(6):1144-1153,1187.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0388.2008.06.025.YE Hongxia and JIN Yaqiu.A hybrid analytical-numerical algorithm for computation of scattering from a 3D PECtarget above a dielectric rough surface[J].Chinese Journal of Radio Science,2008,23(6):1144-1153,1187.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0388.2008.06.025.
[20]张民,郭立新,聂丁,等.海面目标雷达散射特性与电磁成像[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.ZHANG Min,GUO Lixin,NIE Ding,et al.Radar Scattering Characteristics and Electromagnetic Imaging of Targets on the Sea Surface[M].Beijing:Science Press,2015.
[21]金亚秋,刘鹏,叶红霞.随机粗糙面与目标复合散射数值模拟理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.JIN Yaqiu,LIU Peng,and YE Hongxia.Theory and Method of Numerical Simulation of Composite Scattering from the Object and Randomly Rough Surface[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008.
[22]郭立新,王蕊,吴振森.随机粗糙面散射的基本理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.GUO Lixin,WANG Rui,and WU Zhensen.Basics Theory and Method for the Scattering from the Random Rough Surface[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.
[23]康士峰,王显德.粗糙面与目标电磁散射统计特性分析[J].微波学报,2004,20(3):43-46.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6122.2004.03.010.KANG Shifeng and WANG Xiande.Analysis of statistical characteristics for EM scattering from rough surface and target[J].Journal of Microwaves,2004,20(3):43-46.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6122.2004.03.010.
[24]ZHU G Q,CAO Q F,and YANG H L.Analysis of double bounce scattering between target and rough surface[J].Chinese Journal of Radio Science,1996,11(1):80-84.
[25]邹高翔,童创明,高飞,等.复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标复合散射研究[J].电波科学学报,2017,32(3):261-272.doi:10.13443/j.cjors.2017042801.ZOU Gaoxiang,TONG Chuangming,GAO Fei,et al.Composite electromagnetic scattering from tank target above complicated ground rough surface[J].Chinese Journal of Radio Science,2017,32(3):261-272.doi:10.13443/j.cjors.2017042801.
[26]潘小敏,盛新庆,孔雷.电特大舰船电磁环境的并行多层快速多极子研究[J].装备环境工程,2008,5(1):48-52,60.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-9242.2008.01.012.PAN Xiaomin,SHENG Xinqing,and KONG Lei.Analysis on electromagnetic environment of an extremely large ship by parallel MLFMA[J].Equipment Environmental Engineering,2008,5(1):48-52,60.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-9242.2008.01.012.
[27]刁桂杰,许小剑,倪虹,等.舰船目标宽带单脉冲雷达三维成像建模与仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2018,30(7):2515-2524.doi:10.16182/j.issn1004731/x.joss.201807011.DIAO Guijie,XU Xiaojian,NI Hong,et al.Threedimensional imaging modeling and simulation of ships based on wide-band monopulse radar[J].Journal of System Simulation,2018,30(7):2515-2524.doi:10.16182/j.issn1004731/x.joss.201807011.
[28]YE H X and JIN Y Q.Fast iterative approach to electromagnetic scattering from the target above a rough surface[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2006,44(1):108-115.
[29]DING D Z,LI G M,AN Y Y,et al.Application of hierarchical two-level spectral preconditioning method for electromagnetic scattering from the rough surface[J].International Journal of Antennas and Propagation,2014,2014:1-10.doi:10.1155/2014/752418.
[30]AN Yuyuan,WANG Daoxiang,and CHEN Rushan.A fast numerical algorithm for calculating electromagnetic scattering from an object above a rough surface[J].Electromagnetics,2013,33(1):10-22.doi:10.1080/02726343.2013.751006.
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