WTO贸易规则与非贸易规则之间的冲突及其调和
摘要
在国际法日益碎片化的今天,世界贸易组织多边贸易体制与环境保护、公共道德保护等非贸易规则之间的冲突时有发生。一般例外条款在一定程度上可以缓解贸易规则与非贸易规则之间的冲突,但同时必须满足必要性检验的要求。我国今后在保护国内非贸易重要目标时必须注意的几个方面:首先,必须使措施的相关文件与WTO法有关联;其次,必须符合必要性检验的三个要件,亦即权衡争议措施所保护的利益或价值的重要性、该措施对实现目的的贡献程度,及该措施对贸易限制性的大小;最后,更需使相关措施的实施方式,符合GATT第20条前言的要求。
引文
(1)邹彦:《从GATT与WTO的若干案例看国内法规的制定与实施》,《唯实》2002年第10期。
(2)United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products,WT/DS58/R, p.1.
(3)“前言”和相关的例外如下:在遵守关于此类措施的实施不在情形相同的国家之间构成任意或不合理歧视的手段或构成对国际贸易的变相限制的要求前提下,本协定的任何规定不得解释为阻止任何缔约方采取或实施以下措施:(b)为保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康所必需的措施;(g)与保护可用尽的自然资源有关的措施,如此类措施与限制国内生产或消费一同实施。
(4)Panel Report, United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/R,p.294.
(5)World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future.Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 13.
(6)Appellate Body Report, United States - Standard for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline WT/DS2/AB/R, p. 22.
(7)战涛:《WTO中的公共道德条款分析》,《河北法学》2012年第8期。
(8)刘瑛:《论GATT公共道德例外的适用——美诉“中国影响出版和视听产品贸易案”评介及启示》,《广东行政学院学报》2010年第4期。
(9)Appellate Body Report, United States – Customs Bond Directive for Merchandise Subject to Anti-dumping/Countervailing Duties, WT/DS345/AB/R, p.120.
(10)Xiaohui Wu, Case Note: China—Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (WT/DS363/AB/R), Chinese J. Int’l L,vol.9,no.2,2010,p.18.
(11)Nicolas F. Diebold, The Morals and Order Exceptions in WTO Law: Balancing The Toothless Tiger and The Undermining Mole, J. Int’l Econ. L, vol.11,no.1,2008,p.43.
(12)Xiaohui Wu, Case Note: China—Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (WT/DS363/AB/R), Chinese J. Int’l L, vol.9,no.2,2010,p.21.
(13)Appellate Body Report, United States-Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R, p.22.
(14)Appellate Body Report, United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products WT/DS58/AB/R, p.60.
(15)Stefan Zleptnig, Non-Economic Objectives in WTO Law : Justification Provisions of GATT,GATS, SPS, and TBT Agreements, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2010, p.107.
(16)Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WT/DS135/AB/R, p.39.
(17)Douglas A. Irwin, Petros C. Mavroidis and Alan O. Sykes, The Genesis of the GATT, Cambridge University Press,2008, p. 163.
(18)Stefan Zleptnig, Non-Economic Objectives in WTO Law : Justification Provisions of GATT,GATS, SPS, and TBT Agreements, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2010, p.112.
(19)Andrew D. Mitchell, Legal Principles in WTO Disputes, Cambridge University Press,2008, p.177.
(20)如GATT第20条a款和b款及d款、TBT第2条第2款及第5款、SPS第2条第2款及第5条第6款、GATS第14条和第6条第4款、TRIPS协定第3条第2款和第8条第1款及第27条第2款,等等。
(21)Andrew D. Mitchell, Legal Principles in WTO Disputes,Cambridge University Press,2008, p.196.
(22)United States-Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930,GATT Panel Report, L/6439-36S/345, para.5.26.
(23)曾炜:《论WTO法中必要性检验的判断标准》,《政治与法律》2013年第6期。
(24)⑦曾炜:《GATT第20条必要性检验判断标准新发展之实证分析》,《国际商务研究》2014年第4期。
(25)Appellate Body Report, United States-Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R, p.23.
(26)曾炜:《论WTO法中必要性检验的判断标准》,《政治与法律》2013年第6期。
(27)United States -Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Betting and Gambling Services,WT/DS285/R,WT/DS285/AB/R.
(28)彭岳:《贸易与道德:中美文化产品争端的法律分析》,《中国社会科学》2009年第2期。
(2)United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products,WT/DS58/R, p.1.
(3)“前言”和相关的例外如下:在遵守关于此类措施的实施不在情形相同的国家之间构成任意或不合理歧视的手段或构成对国际贸易的变相限制的要求前提下,本协定的任何规定不得解释为阻止任何缔约方采取或实施以下措施:(b)为保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康所必需的措施;(g)与保护可用尽的自然资源有关的措施,如此类措施与限制国内生产或消费一同实施。
(4)Panel Report, United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/R,p.294.
(5)World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future.Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 13.
(6)Appellate Body Report, United States - Standard for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline WT/DS2/AB/R, p. 22.
(7)战涛:《WTO中的公共道德条款分析》,《河北法学》2012年第8期。
(8)刘瑛:《论GATT公共道德例外的适用——美诉“中国影响出版和视听产品贸易案”评介及启示》,《广东行政学院学报》2010年第4期。
(9)Appellate Body Report, United States – Customs Bond Directive for Merchandise Subject to Anti-dumping/Countervailing Duties, WT/DS345/AB/R, p.120.
(10)Xiaohui Wu, Case Note: China—Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (WT/DS363/AB/R), Chinese J. Int’l L,vol.9,no.2,2010,p.18.
(11)Nicolas F. Diebold, The Morals and Order Exceptions in WTO Law: Balancing The Toothless Tiger and The Undermining Mole, J. Int’l Econ. L, vol.11,no.1,2008,p.43.
(12)Xiaohui Wu, Case Note: China—Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (WT/DS363/AB/R), Chinese J. Int’l L, vol.9,no.2,2010,p.21.
(13)Appellate Body Report, United States-Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R, p.22.
(14)Appellate Body Report, United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products WT/DS58/AB/R, p.60.
(15)Stefan Zleptnig, Non-Economic Objectives in WTO Law : Justification Provisions of GATT,GATS, SPS, and TBT Agreements, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2010, p.107.
(16)Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WT/DS135/AB/R, p.39.
(17)Douglas A. Irwin, Petros C. Mavroidis and Alan O. Sykes, The Genesis of the GATT, Cambridge University Press,2008, p. 163.
(18)Stefan Zleptnig, Non-Economic Objectives in WTO Law : Justification Provisions of GATT,GATS, SPS, and TBT Agreements, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2010, p.112.
(19)Andrew D. Mitchell, Legal Principles in WTO Disputes, Cambridge University Press,2008, p.177.
(20)如GATT第20条a款和b款及d款、TBT第2条第2款及第5款、SPS第2条第2款及第5条第6款、GATS第14条和第6条第4款、TRIPS协定第3条第2款和第8条第1款及第27条第2款,等等。
(21)Andrew D. Mitchell, Legal Principles in WTO Disputes,Cambridge University Press,2008, p.196.
(22)United States-Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930,GATT Panel Report, L/6439-36S/345, para.5.26.
(23)曾炜:《论WTO法中必要性检验的判断标准》,《政治与法律》2013年第6期。
(24)⑦曾炜:《GATT第20条必要性检验判断标准新发展之实证分析》,《国际商务研究》2014年第4期。
(25)Appellate Body Report, United States-Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R, p.23.
(26)曾炜:《论WTO法中必要性检验的判断标准》,《政治与法律》2013年第6期。
(27)United States -Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Betting and Gambling Services,WT/DS285/R,WT/DS285/AB/R.
(28)彭岳:《贸易与道德:中美文化产品争端的法律分析》,《中国社会科学》2009年第2期。