滇中梅树村剖面筇竹寺组等深流沉积的发现及其意义
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摘要
寒武系筇竹寺组是中国南方页岩气勘探的重要目标层位之一,同时也是澄江动物群的寄主层位,但对其沉积环境和沉积作用的研究相对薄弱。文章以滇中地区昆阳梅树村剖面为研究对象,在详细的野外观察基础上,应用指向沉积构造进行了古水流分析,并对广泛发育的条纹、条带构造进行了详细研究。结果表明:(1)交错层理与小型槽模所表示的古水流夹角在43°和108°之间,集中分布的区间为50°和79°之间,其中同一薄层粉砂岩中两者的夹角平均值为50°,大于45°;(2)条纹、条带构造在垂向上多数显示出双向递变的周期性特征,其中有的条纹构造还表现为多个周期的复合。结合当时的古地理特征和筇竹寺组的深水沉积环境,可推断沉积流体流动方向与古区域斜坡倾向存在大角度夹角,并且水流具有明显周期性特征,故可能为深水等深流。筇竹寺组深水等深流沉积的发现对于中国南方筇竹寺组页岩气烃源岩和储集层的分布研究以及澄江动物群的生存条件、死亡因素和软体化石的保存条件的研究均具有重要意义。
Although Qiongzhusi Formation of Cambrian is one of the most important shale gas exploration targets in South China and the host rock of Chengjiang Fauna, studies of its sedimentary environments and processes are still inadequate. This study is focused on the Meishucun Section of Kunyang in central Yunnan Province, where palaeocurrents with directional sedimentary structures are analyzed and the extensive stripped-and-banded structures in Qiongzhusi Formation are studied based on detailed field observations.The results show that(1) the palaeocurrent angles between cross-beddings and small flutes are from 43°to 108°, with distribution mainly between 50° and 79°, and the average angle in the same thin-bedded siltstone is 50°, greater than 45°;(2) most stripped and banded sedimentary structures have a bidirectional periodic evolution in vertical and some of stripped structures behave a compound of multiple periods. According to the palaeogeography and the deep-water deposition environment of Qiongzhusi Formation, we suggest that the deep-water contour currents are responsible for these deposits because of the large angle between the flow direction of sedimentary currents and the dip azimuth of the ancient regional slope, and also an obvious period of the depositional currents. The discovery of deep-water contourites in Qiongzhusi Formation has an important significance for understanding the distribution of shale gas source rocks and reservoir of Qiongzhusi Formation in South China, as well as the survival conditions, death factors and conservation conditions of the mollusks fossil in Chengjiang fauna.
Although Qiongzhusi Formation of Cambrian is one of the most important shale gas exploration targets in South China and the host rock of Chengjiang Fauna, studies of its sedimentary environments and processes are still inadequate. This study is focused on the Meishucun Section of Kunyang in central Yunnan Province, where palaeocurrents with directional sedimentary structures are analyzed and the extensive stripped-and-banded structures in Qiongzhusi Formation are studied based on detailed field observations.The results show that(1) the palaeocurrent angles between cross-beddings and small flutes are from 43°to 108°, with distribution mainly between 50° and 79°, and the average angle in the same thin-bedded siltstone is 50°, greater than 45°;(2) most stripped and banded sedimentary structures have a bidirectional periodic evolution in vertical and some of stripped structures behave a compound of multiple periods. According to the palaeogeography and the deep-water deposition environment of Qiongzhusi Formation, we suggest that the deep-water contour currents are responsible for these deposits because of the large angle between the flow direction of sedimentary currents and the dip azimuth of the ancient regional slope, and also an obvious period of the depositional currents. The discovery of deep-water contourites in Qiongzhusi Formation has an important significance for understanding the distribution of shale gas source rocks and reservoir of Qiongzhusi Formation in South China, as well as the survival conditions, death factors and conservation conditions of the mollusks fossil in Chengjiang fauna.
引文
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陈居凯,朱炎铭,付常青,等.2016.滇东下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩矿物组成特征及意义[J].煤炭技术,35(9):101-103.
高振中,何幼斌,刘成鑫,等.2006.深水牵引流沉积的研究历程、现状与前景[J].古地理学报,8(3):331-338.
戈宏儒,罗朝舜,李季.1983.云南东部早寒武世梅树村期磷块岩沉积环境及聚磷条件[J].矿物岩石,(3):11-20.
何幼斌,高振中,罗顺社,等.1998.等深流沉积的特征及其鉴别标志[J].江汉石油学院学报,20(4):1-6.
胡古月,范昌福,万德芳,等.2013.湖北峡东地区“盖帽碳酸盐岩”中燧石条带的地球化学特征及其古环境意义[J].地质学报,87(9):1469-1476.
姜永果,郭欣,周洪瑞,等.2015.云南曲靖地区下寒武统黑色岩系岩石地球化学特征与成因[J].矿物学报,35(4):489-496.
姜月华,岳文浙,业治铮.1994.深水型条带状灰岩的特征和形成机理[J].地质论评,40(1):48-54.
李大庆.1990.云南梅树村震旦系—寒武系边界层水平状遗迹化石形态功能分析和环境意义[J].矿物岩石,10(4):29-35.
李华,王英民,徐强,等.2014.南海北部珠江口盆地重力流与等深流交互作用沉积特征、过程及沉积模式[J].地质学报,88(6):1120-1129.
李华,何幼斌,黄伟,等.2016.鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶系平凉组等深流沉积[J].古地理学报(中文版),18(4):631-642.
李华,何幼斌.2017.等深流沉积研究进展[J].沉积学报,35(2):228-240.
罗惠麟.1992.中国晚前寒武纪至早寒武世生物事件及前寒武系—寒武系界线[J].地层学杂志,16(1):12-19.
罗惠麟,蒋志文,徐重九,等.1980.云南晋宁梅树村、王家湾震旦系一寒武系界线研究[J].地质学报,54(2):95-111·
罗惠麟,蒋志文,武希彻.1984.中国云南晋宁梅树村震旦系—寒武系界线层型剖面[M].昆明:云南人民出版社.
李向东,何幼斌,王丹,等.2009.宁夏香山群徐家圈组内波和内潮汐沉积[J].古地理学报,1 1(5):513-523.
李向东,郇雅棋.2017a.鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区奥陶系深水条纹条带状泥岩等深流成因分析[J].古地理学报(中文版),19(6):987-997.
李向东,阙易,郇雅棋.2017b.桌子山中奥陶统克里摩里组下段薄层状石灰岩垂向序列分析[J].地球科学进展,32(3):276-291.
李向东,阙易,郇雅棋.2018.桌子山地区中奥陶统克里摩里组深水等深流沉积模式[J].高校地质学报,24(2):285-296.
李延河,万德芳,蒋少涌,等.1995.云南梅树村前寒武系—寒武系界线剖面硅同位素研究[J].地质论评,41(2):179-187.
牟传龙,梁薇,周恳恳,等.2012.中上扬子地区早寒武世(纽芬兰世—第二世)岩相古地理[J].沉积与特提斯地质,32(3):41-53.
Shanmugam G.2017.等深流沉积:海洋物理学、过程沉积学和石油地质学[J].石油勘探与开发,44(2):1-19.
王哲,李贤庆,祁帅,等.2018.川南地区筇竹寺组页岩微观孔隙结构特征及其影响因素[J].高校地质学报,24(2):273-284.
王振涛,周洪瑞,王训练,等.2015.贺兰山地区中奥陶统樱桃沟组深水牵引流沉积的发现及其意义[J].地学前缘,22(2):221-231.
解习农,陈志宏,孙志鹏,等.2012.南海西北陆缘深水沉积体系内部构成特征[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,37(4):628-634.
徐林刚,Lehmann Bernd,张锡贵,等.2014.云南昆阳磷矿黑色页岩微量元素特征及其地质意义[J].岩石学报,30(6):1817-1827.
杨杰东,王宗哲.1989.云南晋宁梅树村下寒武统砾屑磷块岩的扫描电镜研究[J].沉积学报,7(2):125-129.
云南省地质矿产局.1996.云南省岩石地层(全国地层多重划分对比研究53)[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社:60-61.
张海涛,张颖,朱炎铭,等.2017.云南省下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气地质成藏条件探讨[J].中国石油勘探,22(3):88-95.
朱日祥,李献华,侯先光,等.2009.梅树村剖面离子探针锆石U-Pb年代学:对前寒武纪一寒武纪界线的年代制约[J].中国科学(D辑),39(8):1105-1111.
Birgenheier L P,Horton B,Mccauley A D,et al.2017.A depositional model for offshore deposits of the lower Blue Gate Member,Mancos Shale,Uinta Basin,Utah,USA[J].Sedimentology,64(5):1402-1438.
Chen H,Xie X,Zhang W,et al.2016.Deep-water sedimentary systems and their relationship with bottom currents at the intersection of Xisha Trough and Northwest Sub-Basin,South China Sea[J].Marine Geology,378(1-2):101-113.
Faugeres J C and Stow D A V.1993.Bottom-current-controlled sedimentation:a synthesis of the contourite problem[J].Sedimentary Geology,82(1-4):287-297.
Gao Z Z,Eriksson K A,He Y B,et al.1998.Deep-water Traction Current Deposits—A Study of Internal tides,Internal waves,Contour Currents and Their De posits[M].Beijing:Science Press:57-119.
Heezen B C and Hollister C D.1964.Deep sea current evidence from abyssal sediments[J].Marine Geology,1(2):141-174.
Hernandez-Molina F J,Hodell D A,Stow D A V,et al.2016.Virtual special issue on IODP Expedition 339:The Mediterranean outflow[J].Marine Geology,377:1-6.
Kietzmann D A,Palma B M and Llanos M P I.2015.Cyclostratigraphy of an orbitally-driven Tithonian-Valanginian carbonate ramp succession,Southern Mendoza,Argentina:Implications for the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the Neuquen Basin[J].Sedimentary Geology,315:29-46.
Knapp L J,McMillan J M,and Harris N B.2017.A depositional model for organic-rich Duvernay Formation mudstones[J].Sedimentary Geology,347:160-182.
Nelson C H,Baraza J and Maldonado A.1993.Mediterranean undercurrent sandy contourites,Guff of Cadiz,Spain[J].Sedimentary Geology,82(1-4):103-132.
Rebesco M and Camerlenghi A(Eds.).2008.Developments in Sedimentology,60[M].Elsevier,Amsterdam:1-663.
Stow D A V, Faugeres J C,Viana A,et al.1998.Fossil contourites:a critical review[J].Sedimentary Geology,115(1):3-31.
Stow D A V,Huc A Y and Bertrand P.2001.Depositional processes of black shales in deep water[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,18(4):491-498.
Tuijnder A P,Ribberink J S and Hulscher S J M H.2009.An experimental study into the geometry of supply-limited dunes[J].Sedimentology,56(6):1713-1727.
陈居凯,朱炎铭,付常青,等.2016.滇东下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩矿物组成特征及意义[J].煤炭技术,35(9):101-103.
高振中,何幼斌,刘成鑫,等.2006.深水牵引流沉积的研究历程、现状与前景[J].古地理学报,8(3):331-338.
戈宏儒,罗朝舜,李季.1983.云南东部早寒武世梅树村期磷块岩沉积环境及聚磷条件[J].矿物岩石,(3):11-20.
何幼斌,高振中,罗顺社,等.1998.等深流沉积的特征及其鉴别标志[J].江汉石油学院学报,20(4):1-6.
胡古月,范昌福,万德芳,等.2013.湖北峡东地区“盖帽碳酸盐岩”中燧石条带的地球化学特征及其古环境意义[J].地质学报,87(9):1469-1476.
姜永果,郭欣,周洪瑞,等.2015.云南曲靖地区下寒武统黑色岩系岩石地球化学特征与成因[J].矿物学报,35(4):489-496.
姜月华,岳文浙,业治铮.1994.深水型条带状灰岩的特征和形成机理[J].地质论评,40(1):48-54.
李大庆.1990.云南梅树村震旦系—寒武系边界层水平状遗迹化石形态功能分析和环境意义[J].矿物岩石,10(4):29-35.
李华,王英民,徐强,等.2014.南海北部珠江口盆地重力流与等深流交互作用沉积特征、过程及沉积模式[J].地质学报,88(6):1120-1129.
李华,何幼斌,黄伟,等.2016.鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶系平凉组等深流沉积[J].古地理学报(中文版),18(4):631-642.
李华,何幼斌.2017.等深流沉积研究进展[J].沉积学报,35(2):228-240.
罗惠麟.1992.中国晚前寒武纪至早寒武世生物事件及前寒武系—寒武系界线[J].地层学杂志,16(1):12-19.
罗惠麟,蒋志文,徐重九,等.1980.云南晋宁梅树村、王家湾震旦系一寒武系界线研究[J].地质学报,54(2):95-111·
罗惠麟,蒋志文,武希彻.1984.中国云南晋宁梅树村震旦系—寒武系界线层型剖面[M].昆明:云南人民出版社.
李向东,何幼斌,王丹,等.2009.宁夏香山群徐家圈组内波和内潮汐沉积[J].古地理学报,1 1(5):513-523.
李向东,郇雅棋.2017a.鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区奥陶系深水条纹条带状泥岩等深流成因分析[J].古地理学报(中文版),19(6):987-997.
李向东,阙易,郇雅棋.2017b.桌子山中奥陶统克里摩里组下段薄层状石灰岩垂向序列分析[J].地球科学进展,32(3):276-291.
李向东,阙易,郇雅棋.2018.桌子山地区中奥陶统克里摩里组深水等深流沉积模式[J].高校地质学报,24(2):285-296.
李延河,万德芳,蒋少涌,等.1995.云南梅树村前寒武系—寒武系界线剖面硅同位素研究[J].地质论评,41(2):179-187.
牟传龙,梁薇,周恳恳,等.2012.中上扬子地区早寒武世(纽芬兰世—第二世)岩相古地理[J].沉积与特提斯地质,32(3):41-53.
Shanmugam G.2017.等深流沉积:海洋物理学、过程沉积学和石油地质学[J].石油勘探与开发,44(2):1-19.
王哲,李贤庆,祁帅,等.2018.川南地区筇竹寺组页岩微观孔隙结构特征及其影响因素[J].高校地质学报,24(2):273-284.
王振涛,周洪瑞,王训练,等.2015.贺兰山地区中奥陶统樱桃沟组深水牵引流沉积的发现及其意义[J].地学前缘,22(2):221-231.
解习农,陈志宏,孙志鹏,等.2012.南海西北陆缘深水沉积体系内部构成特征[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,37(4):628-634.
徐林刚,Lehmann Bernd,张锡贵,等.2014.云南昆阳磷矿黑色页岩微量元素特征及其地质意义[J].岩石学报,30(6):1817-1827.
杨杰东,王宗哲.1989.云南晋宁梅树村下寒武统砾屑磷块岩的扫描电镜研究[J].沉积学报,7(2):125-129.
云南省地质矿产局.1996.云南省岩石地层(全国地层多重划分对比研究53)[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社:60-61.
张海涛,张颖,朱炎铭,等.2017.云南省下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气地质成藏条件探讨[J].中国石油勘探,22(3):88-95.
朱日祥,李献华,侯先光,等.2009.梅树村剖面离子探针锆石U-Pb年代学:对前寒武纪一寒武纪界线的年代制约[J].中国科学(D辑),39(8):1105-1111.
Birgenheier L P,Horton B,Mccauley A D,et al.2017.A depositional model for offshore deposits of the lower Blue Gate Member,Mancos Shale,Uinta Basin,Utah,USA[J].Sedimentology,64(5):1402-1438.
Chen H,Xie X,Zhang W,et al.2016.Deep-water sedimentary systems and their relationship with bottom currents at the intersection of Xisha Trough and Northwest Sub-Basin,South China Sea[J].Marine Geology,378(1-2):101-113.
Faugeres J C and Stow D A V.1993.Bottom-current-controlled sedimentation:a synthesis of the contourite problem[J].Sedimentary Geology,82(1-4):287-297.
Gao Z Z,Eriksson K A,He Y B,et al.1998.Deep-water Traction Current Deposits—A Study of Internal tides,Internal waves,Contour Currents and Their De posits[M].Beijing:Science Press:57-119.
Heezen B C and Hollister C D.1964.Deep sea current evidence from abyssal sediments[J].Marine Geology,1(2):141-174.
Hernandez-Molina F J,Hodell D A,Stow D A V,et al.2016.Virtual special issue on IODP Expedition 339:The Mediterranean outflow[J].Marine Geology,377:1-6.
Kietzmann D A,Palma B M and Llanos M P I.2015.Cyclostratigraphy of an orbitally-driven Tithonian-Valanginian carbonate ramp succession,Southern Mendoza,Argentina:Implications for the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the Neuquen Basin[J].Sedimentary Geology,315:29-46.
Knapp L J,McMillan J M,and Harris N B.2017.A depositional model for organic-rich Duvernay Formation mudstones[J].Sedimentary Geology,347:160-182.
Nelson C H,Baraza J and Maldonado A.1993.Mediterranean undercurrent sandy contourites,Guff of Cadiz,Spain[J].Sedimentary Geology,82(1-4):103-132.
Rebesco M and Camerlenghi A(Eds.).2008.Developments in Sedimentology,60[M].Elsevier,Amsterdam:1-663.
Stow D A V, Faugeres J C,Viana A,et al.1998.Fossil contourites:a critical review[J].Sedimentary Geology,115(1):3-31.
Stow D A V,Huc A Y and Bertrand P.2001.Depositional processes of black shales in deep water[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,18(4):491-498.
Tuijnder A P,Ribberink J S and Hulscher S J M H.2009.An experimental study into the geometry of supply-limited dunes[J].Sedimentology,56(6):1713-1727.
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