燃煤电厂环境污染第三方治理研究
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摘要
作为中国环境治理思路由"谁污染谁治理"向"谁污染谁付费"转变的具体实施路径,环境污染第三方治理在雾霾防治等方面得到推广。针对政府如何制定切实可行政策鼓励燃煤电厂实现达标排放、燃煤电厂如何选择清洁发展路径方面存在的问题,以煤电行业烟气治理为研究对象,从绿色供应链的视角,分别构建在4种规制约束-政策激励下燃煤电厂采用自身投资运维、第三方治理2种模式的数学模型,并求解分析。结果显示:规制、激励政策同时实施能帮助燃煤电厂升级为绿色电厂;因提供较少补贴就能帮助燃煤电厂,政府更倾向根据第三方治理模式制定补贴政策;第三方治理模式还能在让燃煤电厂获得更多收益的同时,使传统环保企业转型为能够提供第三方治理的生产性服务企业而获得稳定收益,有助于"谁污染谁付费"思路在实践中的推广。最后,本文提出政府要加强环境约束政策执行、监督力度,给予精准激励政策,并出台鼓励提升环境绩效政策的建议。
In China, coal-fired power plants still play a major role in the power sector, which is considered as a major emission source of air pollution, such as haze. Meanwhile, the concrete implementation path of the transformation of China's environmental governance thinking from "who pollutes, who governs" to "who pollutes, who pays" is under way. Although the third party governance of environmental pollution has been popularized in air pollution prevention and control, there are also problems in existence. This study aims to take the flue gas control of coal-fired power industry as the research object. From the perspective of green supply chain, the mathematical models of coal-fired power plants using two modes of self-investment operation and third-party management under four kinds of regulatory constraints and policy incentives, including no subsidy, only electricity sales price subsidy, only extra sales volume ration of electricity are constructed, solved, and analyzed, respectively. Through the calculation and evaluation, the results show that: the simultaneous implementation of regulation and incentive policies can help coal-fired power plants upgrade to green power plants. Since less subsidies can help coal-fired power plants, the government is more inclined to formulate subsidy policies based on the third-party governance model. This model can also make more profits for coal-fired power plants and make the traditional environmental protection enterprises transform into productive service enterprises and obtain stable profits, which is helpful to popularize the idea of "who pollutes, who pays" in practice. As a green service provider,by devoting itself through innovating environmental technology to reduce pollutant emissions, the environmental protection enterprises can also assist the coal-fired power plants to gain additional sales volume of electricity and to maximize the supply chain's profit as well. Therefore, it puts forward suggestions on strengthening the implementation and supervision of environmental restraint policies, giving precise incentive policies, and promulgating policies to encourage the improvement of environmental performance.
In China, coal-fired power plants still play a major role in the power sector, which is considered as a major emission source of air pollution, such as haze. Meanwhile, the concrete implementation path of the transformation of China's environmental governance thinking from "who pollutes, who governs" to "who pollutes, who pays" is under way. Although the third party governance of environmental pollution has been popularized in air pollution prevention and control, there are also problems in existence. This study aims to take the flue gas control of coal-fired power industry as the research object. From the perspective of green supply chain, the mathematical models of coal-fired power plants using two modes of self-investment operation and third-party management under four kinds of regulatory constraints and policy incentives, including no subsidy, only electricity sales price subsidy, only extra sales volume ration of electricity are constructed, solved, and analyzed, respectively. Through the calculation and evaluation, the results show that: the simultaneous implementation of regulation and incentive policies can help coal-fired power plants upgrade to green power plants. Since less subsidies can help coal-fired power plants, the government is more inclined to formulate subsidy policies based on the third-party governance model. This model can also make more profits for coal-fired power plants and make the traditional environmental protection enterprises transform into productive service enterprises and obtain stable profits, which is helpful to popularize the idea of "who pollutes, who pays" in practice. As a green service provider,by devoting itself through innovating environmental technology to reduce pollutant emissions, the environmental protection enterprises can also assist the coal-fired power plants to gain additional sales volume of electricity and to maximize the supply chain's profit as well. Therefore, it puts forward suggestions on strengthening the implementation and supervision of environmental restraint policies, giving precise incentive policies, and promulgating policies to encourage the improvement of environmental performance.
引文
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[5]Krass D,Nedorezov T,Ovchinnikov A.Environmental taxes and the choice of green technology[J].Production and Operations Management,2013,22(5):1035-1055.
[6]中国电力企业联合会.中国煤电清洁发展报告[EB/OL].(2017-09-22)[2018-07-27].http://www.cec.org.cn/zhuanti/2017nianzhuanti/zhongguomeidianqingjiefazhanyuhuanjingyingxiangfabuyantaohui/yaowen/2017-09-22/173384.html.[China Electricity Council.Report on Clean Development of Coal and Electricity in China[EB/OL].(2017-09-22)[2018-07-27].http://www.cec.org.cn/zhuanti/2017nianzhuanti/zhongguomeidianqingjiefazhanyuhuanjingyingxiangfabuyantaohui/yaowen/2017-09-22/173384.html.]
[7]中国共产党十八届中央委员会.中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定[EB/OL].(2013-11-15)[2018-07-27].https://www.sohu.com/a/216562168_99914060.[The 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.Decision of the CCCPC on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform[EB/OL].(2013-11-15)[2018-07-27].https://www.sohu.com/a/216562168_99914060.]
[8]国务院.关于推行环境污染第三方治理的意见[EB/OL].(2015-01-14)[2018-07-27].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-01/14/content_9392.htm.[State Council.Opinions on the Implementation of Third Party Environmental Pollution Control[EB/OL].(2015-01-14)[2018-07-27].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-01/14/content_9392.htm.]
[9]生态环境部.关于推进环境污染第三方治理的实施意见[EB/OL].(2017-08-16)[2018-07-27].http://www.h2o-china.com/news/262518.html.[Ministry of Ecology and Environment.Opinions on the Implementation of Third Party Environmental Pollution Control[EB/OL].(2017-08-16)[2018-07-27].http://www.h2o-china.com/news/262518.html.]
[10]陈潭.第三方治理:理论范式与实践逻辑[J].政治学研究,2017,(1):90-98.[Chen T.Third party governance:Theoretical paradigm and practical logic[J].Cass Journal of Political Science,2017,(1):90-98.]
[11]骆建华.第三方治理推进治污新变革:环境污染第三方治理的发展及完善建议[J].环境保护,2014,42(20):15-19.[Luo J H.Proposal on the development and improvement of third-party management over environmental pollution[J].Environm Ental Protection,2014,42(20):15-19.]
[12]刘超.管制、互动与环境污染第三方治理[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(2):96-104.[Liu C.Regulation,interaction and environmental pollution control by a third party[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(2):96-104.]
[13]万子豪.中澳环境污染治理政策的比较研究:以第三方治理为例[J].安全与环境工程,2017,24(4):29-33.[Wan Z H.Comparative study of environmental pollution governance policies in China and Australia:Take third party governance as an example[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2017,24(4):29-33.]
[14]任维彤,王一.日本环境污染第三方治理的经验与启示[J].环境保护,2014,42(20):34-38.[Ren W T,Wang Y.Japan.s experiences and enlightenment about third-party management on environmental pollution[J].Environmental Protection,2014,42(20):34-38.]
[15]董战峰,董玮,田淑英,等.我国环境污染第三方治理机制改革路线图[J].中国环境管理,2016,8(4):52-59.[Dong Z F,Dong W,Tian S Y,et al.Reform roadmap of the third-party environmental pollution control in China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2016,8(4):52-59.]
[16]刘倩,丁慧平,侯海玮.供应链环境成本内部化利益相关者行为抉择博弈探析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(6):71-76.[Liu Q,Ding H P,Hou H W.Game analysis of stakeholders for supply chain environmental cost internalization[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2014,24(6):71-76.]
[17]Hall J.Environmental supply chain dynamics[J].Journal of cleaner production,2000,8(6):455-471.
[18]Simpson D.Institutional pressure and waste reduction:The role of investments in waste reduction resources[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2012,139(1):330-339.
[19]Ageron B,Gunasekaran A,Spalanzani A.Sustainable supply management:An empirical study[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2012,140(1):168-182.
[20]Gang X.Cooperative strategies for sustainability in a decentralized supply chain with competing suppliers[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,113:807-821.
[21]Anttonen M,Halme M,Houtbeckers E,et al.The other side of sustainable innovation:Is there a demand for innovative services?[J].Journal of cleaner production,2013,45(2):89-103.
[22]Jayaram J,Avittathur B.Green supply chains:A perspective from an emerging economy[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,164:234-244.
[23]Ding H P,Liu Q,Zheng L.Assessing the economic performance of an environmental sustainable supply chain in reducing environmental externalities[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2016,255(2):463-480.
[24]Ding H P,Wang L,Zheng L.Collaborative mechanism on profit allotment and public health for a sustainable supply chain[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2017,DOI:10.1016/j.ejor.2017.11.057.
[25]Ding H P,Zhao Q L,An Z R,et al.Collaborative mechanism of a sustainable supply chain with environmental constraints and carbon caps[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2016,181:191-207.
[26]Ding H P,Zhao Q L,An Z R,et al.Pricing strategy of environmental sustainable supply chain with internalizing externalities[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,170:563-575.
[27]Almeida C M V B,Agostinho F,Giannetti B F,et al.Integrating cleaner production into sustainability strategies:An introduction to this special volume[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,96:1-9.
[28]Chung S H,Weaver R D,Friesz T L.Strategic response to pollution taxes in supply chain networks:Dynamic,spatial,and organizational dimensions[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2013,231(2):314-327.
[29]Vachon S,Klassen R D.Environmental management and manufacturing performance:The role of collaboration in the supply chain[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2008,111(2):299-315.
[30]Dabhilkar M,Bengtsson L,Haartman R V,et al.Supplier selection or collaboration?Determining factors of performance improvement when outsourcing manufacturing[J].Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,2009,15(3):143-153.
[31]Guarnieri P,Sobreiro V A,Nagano M S,et al.The challenge of selecting and evaluating third-party reverse logistics providers in a multicriteria perspective:A Brazilian case[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,96:209-219.
[32]中国电力企业联合会.中国电力行业年度发展报告[M].北京:中国市场出版社,2017.[China Electricity Council.Annual Development Report of Power Industry in China[M].Beijing:China Market Press,2017.]
[2]中国共产党十八届中央委员会.决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利:在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告[EB/OL].(2017-10-18)[2018-07-27].http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/19cpcnc/2017-10/27/c_1121867529.htm.[The 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era[EB/OL].(2017-10-18)[2018-07-27].http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/19cpcnc/2017-10/27/c_1121867529.htm.]
[3]国务院.大气污染防治行动计划[EB/OL].(2013-09-10)[2018-07-27].http://www.jingbian.gov.cn/gk/zfwj/gwywj/41211.htm.[State Council.Action Plan for Air Pollution Control[EB/OL].(2013-09-10)[2018-07-27].http://www.jingbian.gov.cn/gk/zfwj/gwywj/41211.htm.]
[4]全国人民代表大会常务委员会.中华人民共和国大气污染防治法[EB/OL].(2015-08-29)[2018-07-27].https://max.book118.com/html/2017/0708/121214915.shtm.[The NPC Standing Committee.Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution[EB/OL].(2015-08-29)[2018-07-27].https://max.book118.com/html/2017/0708/121214915.shtm.]
[5]Krass D,Nedorezov T,Ovchinnikov A.Environmental taxes and the choice of green technology[J].Production and Operations Management,2013,22(5):1035-1055.
[6]中国电力企业联合会.中国煤电清洁发展报告[EB/OL].(2017-09-22)[2018-07-27].http://www.cec.org.cn/zhuanti/2017nianzhuanti/zhongguomeidianqingjiefazhanyuhuanjingyingxiangfabuyantaohui/yaowen/2017-09-22/173384.html.[China Electricity Council.Report on Clean Development of Coal and Electricity in China[EB/OL].(2017-09-22)[2018-07-27].http://www.cec.org.cn/zhuanti/2017nianzhuanti/zhongguomeidianqingjiefazhanyuhuanjingyingxiangfabuyantaohui/yaowen/2017-09-22/173384.html.]
[7]中国共产党十八届中央委员会.中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定[EB/OL].(2013-11-15)[2018-07-27].https://www.sohu.com/a/216562168_99914060.[The 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.Decision of the CCCPC on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform[EB/OL].(2013-11-15)[2018-07-27].https://www.sohu.com/a/216562168_99914060.]
[8]国务院.关于推行环境污染第三方治理的意见[EB/OL].(2015-01-14)[2018-07-27].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-01/14/content_9392.htm.[State Council.Opinions on the Implementation of Third Party Environmental Pollution Control[EB/OL].(2015-01-14)[2018-07-27].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-01/14/content_9392.htm.]
[9]生态环境部.关于推进环境污染第三方治理的实施意见[EB/OL].(2017-08-16)[2018-07-27].http://www.h2o-china.com/news/262518.html.[Ministry of Ecology and Environment.Opinions on the Implementation of Third Party Environmental Pollution Control[EB/OL].(2017-08-16)[2018-07-27].http://www.h2o-china.com/news/262518.html.]
[10]陈潭.第三方治理:理论范式与实践逻辑[J].政治学研究,2017,(1):90-98.[Chen T.Third party governance:Theoretical paradigm and practical logic[J].Cass Journal of Political Science,2017,(1):90-98.]
[11]骆建华.第三方治理推进治污新变革:环境污染第三方治理的发展及完善建议[J].环境保护,2014,42(20):15-19.[Luo J H.Proposal on the development and improvement of third-party management over environmental pollution[J].Environm Ental Protection,2014,42(20):15-19.]
[12]刘超.管制、互动与环境污染第三方治理[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(2):96-104.[Liu C.Regulation,interaction and environmental pollution control by a third party[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(2):96-104.]
[13]万子豪.中澳环境污染治理政策的比较研究:以第三方治理为例[J].安全与环境工程,2017,24(4):29-33.[Wan Z H.Comparative study of environmental pollution governance policies in China and Australia:Take third party governance as an example[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2017,24(4):29-33.]
[14]任维彤,王一.日本环境污染第三方治理的经验与启示[J].环境保护,2014,42(20):34-38.[Ren W T,Wang Y.Japan.s experiences and enlightenment about third-party management on environmental pollution[J].Environmental Protection,2014,42(20):34-38.]
[15]董战峰,董玮,田淑英,等.我国环境污染第三方治理机制改革路线图[J].中国环境管理,2016,8(4):52-59.[Dong Z F,Dong W,Tian S Y,et al.Reform roadmap of the third-party environmental pollution control in China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2016,8(4):52-59.]
[16]刘倩,丁慧平,侯海玮.供应链环境成本内部化利益相关者行为抉择博弈探析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(6):71-76.[Liu Q,Ding H P,Hou H W.Game analysis of stakeholders for supply chain environmental cost internalization[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2014,24(6):71-76.]
[17]Hall J.Environmental supply chain dynamics[J].Journal of cleaner production,2000,8(6):455-471.
[18]Simpson D.Institutional pressure and waste reduction:The role of investments in waste reduction resources[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2012,139(1):330-339.
[19]Ageron B,Gunasekaran A,Spalanzani A.Sustainable supply management:An empirical study[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2012,140(1):168-182.
[20]Gang X.Cooperative strategies for sustainability in a decentralized supply chain with competing suppliers[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,113:807-821.
[21]Anttonen M,Halme M,Houtbeckers E,et al.The other side of sustainable innovation:Is there a demand for innovative services?[J].Journal of cleaner production,2013,45(2):89-103.
[22]Jayaram J,Avittathur B.Green supply chains:A perspective from an emerging economy[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,164:234-244.
[23]Ding H P,Liu Q,Zheng L.Assessing the economic performance of an environmental sustainable supply chain in reducing environmental externalities[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2016,255(2):463-480.
[24]Ding H P,Wang L,Zheng L.Collaborative mechanism on profit allotment and public health for a sustainable supply chain[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2017,DOI:10.1016/j.ejor.2017.11.057.
[25]Ding H P,Zhao Q L,An Z R,et al.Collaborative mechanism of a sustainable supply chain with environmental constraints and carbon caps[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2016,181:191-207.
[26]Ding H P,Zhao Q L,An Z R,et al.Pricing strategy of environmental sustainable supply chain with internalizing externalities[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,170:563-575.
[27]Almeida C M V B,Agostinho F,Giannetti B F,et al.Integrating cleaner production into sustainability strategies:An introduction to this special volume[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,96:1-9.
[28]Chung S H,Weaver R D,Friesz T L.Strategic response to pollution taxes in supply chain networks:Dynamic,spatial,and organizational dimensions[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2013,231(2):314-327.
[29]Vachon S,Klassen R D.Environmental management and manufacturing performance:The role of collaboration in the supply chain[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2008,111(2):299-315.
[30]Dabhilkar M,Bengtsson L,Haartman R V,et al.Supplier selection or collaboration?Determining factors of performance improvement when outsourcing manufacturing[J].Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,2009,15(3):143-153.
[31]Guarnieri P,Sobreiro V A,Nagano M S,et al.The challenge of selecting and evaluating third-party reverse logistics providers in a multicriteria perspective:A Brazilian case[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,96:209-219.
[32]中国电力企业联合会.中国电力行业年度发展报告[M].北京:中国市场出版社,2017.[China Electricity Council.Annual Development Report of Power Industry in China[M].Beijing:China Market Press,2017.]