城市湖泊春季绿藻水华特征及其影响因素——以宁波月湖为例
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摘要
城市湖泊富营养化问题日趋严峻,以往对水华的研究多集中于大型自然淡水湖库,而对小型城市浅水湖泊的水华动态相对较少.以宁波月湖为研究对象,探讨水华暴发期间浮游植物变化特征及与影响因子之间的关系,以期判别影响城市湖泊水华的主控因子.月湖水华期间营养盐水平处于中富营养至极端富营养之间,此次共检出浮游植物8门61属,藻种组成以绿藻门(51.79%)和硅藻门(21.43%)为主,各点位浮游植物生长主要受水温、光照驱动,经历了隐藻门→硅藻门→绿藻门→蓝藻门的演替.水华种为雷氏衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii),总藻密度最高达到1.55×108cells/L,水华暴发后各点位衣藻属比例升高(最高达到81.10%),群落结构呈现单一化特征.通过Pearson相关性分析和RDA分析发现衣藻属生长与水温、pH、总磷浓度均呈显著正相关,春季气温回升、天气持续晴好,城市浅水湖泊高营养盐负荷、水体流动性差等特点为带鞭毛的衣藻属提供了适宜的生存条件,在环境条件均适宜的情况下拥有最大生长潜力的衣藻属在营养盐、光照等竞争中生长速率明显优于其他藻种,从而发生绿藻水华.
Eutrophication of urban lakes is a growing threat. Previous studies on algal blooms have focused on large natural freshwater reservoirs,but the dynamics of algal blooms in small urban shallow lakes are largely unknown. To identify the key factors affecting algal blooms in urban lakes,this paper analyzed the characteristics of phytoplankton variation and the relationship between phytoplankton and contributing factors in a typical urban lake,Moon Lake in Ningbo,China. During the bloom,the nutrient level of Moon Lake was between moderately eutrophication and extreme eutrophication. A total of 61 genera of phytoplankton belonging to 8 phyla were found and were dominated by Chlorophyta( 51.79%) and Bacillariophyta( 21.43%). The results showed that water temperature and light were found to be the main factors for phytoplankton growth,which was characterized by a succession of Cryptophyta,Bacillariophyta,Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii caused the bloom and had a population density as high as 1.55×108 cells/L. As algae density increased,the proportion of Chlamydomonas spp. increased( reached 81.10%),while the species numbers and community stability of the phytoplankton decreased. The subsequent Pearson correlation analysis and redundancy analysis also demonstrated that the growth of Chlamydomonas was positively correlated with water temperature,p H and total phosphorus. Rising temperature in the spring season,continuous sunny weather,high nutrient loads in urban shallow lakes and poor fluidity of water body helped create suitable living conditions for Chlamydomonas spp. with flagellum. Under these circumstances,the Chlamydomonas spp. with the greatest growth potential outnumbered other algae species in the competition of nutrients,light and other resources,resulting in the green algae blooms.
Eutrophication of urban lakes is a growing threat. Previous studies on algal blooms have focused on large natural freshwater reservoirs,but the dynamics of algal blooms in small urban shallow lakes are largely unknown. To identify the key factors affecting algal blooms in urban lakes,this paper analyzed the characteristics of phytoplankton variation and the relationship between phytoplankton and contributing factors in a typical urban lake,Moon Lake in Ningbo,China. During the bloom,the nutrient level of Moon Lake was between moderately eutrophication and extreme eutrophication. A total of 61 genera of phytoplankton belonging to 8 phyla were found and were dominated by Chlorophyta( 51.79%) and Bacillariophyta( 21.43%). The results showed that water temperature and light were found to be the main factors for phytoplankton growth,which was characterized by a succession of Cryptophyta,Bacillariophyta,Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii caused the bloom and had a population density as high as 1.55×108 cells/L. As algae density increased,the proportion of Chlamydomonas spp. increased( reached 81.10%),while the species numbers and community stability of the phytoplankton decreased. The subsequent Pearson correlation analysis and redundancy analysis also demonstrated that the growth of Chlamydomonas was positively correlated with water temperature,p H and total phosphorus. Rising temperature in the spring season,continuous sunny weather,high nutrient loads in urban shallow lakes and poor fluidity of water body helped create suitable living conditions for Chlamydomonas spp. with flagellum. Under these circumstances,the Chlamydomonas spp. with the greatest growth potential outnumbered other algae species in the competition of nutrients,light and other resources,resulting in the green algae blooms.
引文
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[2] Zhang YH,Li WF,Chen QW. Spatial-temporal variance of the intensity of algal bloom and related environmental and ecological factors in Lake Taihu. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(14):4337-4345.[张艳会,李伟峰,陈求稳.太湖水华程度及其生态环境因子的时空分布特征.生态学报,2016,36(14):4337-4345.]
[3] Lv J,Wu HJ,Chen MQ. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on phytoplankton composition and biomass in 15 subtropical,urban shallow lakes in Wuhan,China. Limnologica,2011,41:48-56.
[4] Wen XL,Xi YL,Qian FP et al. Comparative analysis of rotifer community structure infive subtropical shallow lakes in East China:role of physical and chemical conditions. Hydrobiologia,2011,661:303-316.
[5] Kuang WM,Zhang M,Zhang JM et al. Comparative limnological study on annual dynamic pattern of nutrients in water column of three suburb lakes adjacent to Lake Poyang. J Lake Sci,2016,28(6):1293-1305. DOI:10.18307/2016.0615.[匡武名,张萌,张金美等.鄱阳湖外围湖泊水体营养波动周年特征的比较湖沼学研究.湖泊科学,2016,28(6):1293-1305.]
[6] Yang C,Ma JM. Researchprogress of ecological restoration and aquatic plant community construction for urban lake. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2014,31(7):13-20.[杨程,马剑敏.城市湖泊生态修复及水生植物群落构建研究进展.长江科学院院报,2014,31(7):13-20.]
[7] Zhu X,Hu MM eds. Control and prevention of cyanobacteria outbreak in freshwater lakes of China. Beijing:China Water and Power Press,2014:62-71.[朱喜,胡明明.中国淡水湖泊蓝藻暴发治理与预防.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2014:62-71.]
[8] Chen NW,Zhang YY,Li YF. An integrated analysis of dynamic characteristics of harmful algal bloom in fresh water in China. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(8):1994-1998.[陈能汪,章颖瑶,李延风.我国淡水藻华长期变动特征综合分析.生态环境学报,2010,19(8):1994-1998.]
[9] Cai QH. Multivariate analysis of planktonic blooms in Lake Donghu,Wuhan. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1990,14(1):22-31.[蔡庆华.武汉东湖浮游植物水华的多元分析.水生生物学报,1990,14(1):22-31.]
[10] Affan MA,Touliabah HE,Al-harbi SM et al. Influence of environmental parameters on toxic cyanobacterial bloom occurrence in a Lake of Bangladesh. Rendiconti Lincei,2016,27:473-481.
[11] Bazhenova OP,Krentz OO. Phytoplankton as an indicator of ecological state of the Saltaim-Tenis Lake System(Omsk Region). Contemporary Problems of Ecology,2018,11(2):168-178.
[12] Suikkanen S,Laamanen M,Huttunen M. Long-term changes in summer phytoplankton communities of the open northern Baltic Sea. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2007,71:580-592.
[13] Am A,Silvester R,Alexander D et al. Characterization of blooming algae and bloom-associated changes in the water quality parameters of traditional pokkali cum prawnfields along the South West coast of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188:145.
[14] Huang YN,Ji DB,Long LH et al. The variance analysis of characteristics and blooms of the typical tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir in spring. Resourse and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2017,26(3):461-470.[黄亚男,纪道斌,龙良红等.三峡库区典型支流春季特征及其水华优势种差异分析.长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(3):461-470.]
[15] Sommer U,Gliwicz M,Lampert W et al. The PEG-model of seasonal succession of planktonic events in fresh waters. Achieves of Hydorbiology,1986,106:433-471.
[16] Hou XL,Yuan CG,Li XP et al. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the planktonic algae dynamics in Dianchi Lake. Journal of Hydroecology,2018,39(1):16-22.[侯秀丽,苑春刚,李学平等.滇池氮磷浓度变化对蓝、绿、硅藻年际变化的影响.水生态学杂志,2018,39(1):16-22.]
[17] Jensen JP,Jeppesen E,Olrik K et al. Impact of nutrients and physical factors on the shift from cyanobacterial to chlorophyte dominance in shallow Danish Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1994,51(8):1692-1699.
[18] Wu XH,Yin DC,Li C et al. Analysis of factors influencing diatom blooms in the middle and lower Hanjiang River. Journal of Hydroecology,2017,38(6):19-26.[吴兴华,殷大聪,李翀等. 2015-2016年汉江中下游硅藻水华发生成因分析.水生态学杂志,2017,38(6):19-26.]
[19] Zhu GW,Jin YW,Ren J et al. Characteristics of diatom blooms in a reservoir-water supply area and the countermeasures in Taihu Basin,China. J Lake Sci,2016,28(1):9-21. DOI:10.18307/2016.0102.[朱广伟,金颖薇,任杰等.太湖流域水库型水源地硅藻水华发生特征及对策分析.湖泊科学,2016,28(1):9-21.]
[20] Hu ZJ,Mo DM,Zhou XY et al. Spatial and seasonal distribution of phytoplankton in Qiandao Lake and relationship with environmental factors. Journal of Hydroecology,2017,38(5):46-54.[胡忠军,莫丹玫,周小玉等.千岛湖浮游植物群落结构时空分布及其与环境因子的关系.水生态学杂志,2017,38(5):46-54.]
[21] Chen YW,Chen KN,Hu YH. Disscussion on possible error for phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration analysis using hot-ethanol extraction method. J Lake Sci,2006,18(5):550-552. DOI:10.18307/2016.0526.[陈宇炜,陈开宁,胡耀辉.浮游植物叶绿素a测定的“热乙醇法”及其测定误差的探讨.湖泊科学,2006,18(5):550-552.]
[22] Hu HJ,Wei YX eds. Freshwater algae in China:System,classification and ecology. Beijing:Scienc Press,2006.[胡鸿钧,魏印心.中国淡水藻类———系统、分类及生态.北京:科学出版社,2006.]
[23] Weng JZ,Xu HS eds. Atlas of common freshwater phytoplankton in China. Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,2010.[翁建中,徐恒省.中国常见淡水浮游藻类图谱.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2010.]
[24] Ministry of Water Resources,Yangtze River Basin Water Environment Monitoring Center eds. Atlas of algae species in inland waters of China. Wuhan:Changjiang Press,2012.[水利部水文局,长江流域水环境监测中心.中国内陆水域常见藻类图谱.武汉:长江出版社,2012.]
[25] Zhang R,Su J,Huo SL et al. The tropic status evaluation and development of nutrient water quality standards for Fuxian Lake. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2012,2(3):218-222.[张蕊,苏婧,霍守亮等.抚仙湖营养状态评价及营养物水质标准制定.环境工程技术学报,2012,2(3):218-222.]
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