美国未成年人父母监护资格的恢复及制度启示
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摘要
未成年人父母的监护资格被剥夺后,在适格的条件下可得以恢复。美国法强调国家公权力的介入,要求各州对监护资格受剥夺之父母进行"合理努力",并针对相关流程及服务内容设置具体规则,旨在矫正问题父母和实现家庭团圆。我国《民法总则》第38条虽已确认父母监护资格恢复制度,但其立法根据和实施机制不够充分,关于"确有悔改表现"的认定标准过于抽象,也未考虑国家公权力的进一步介入。鉴于《民法总则》第38条的未决问题,美国法的成熟经验值得我国借鉴。
After the parental guardianship of minors is deprived,it can be restored under proper conditions.The US law emphasizes the involvement of State power and requires the states to make "reasonable efforts"to parents whose guardianship is deprived. Specific rules are set for the procedures and the service provision,so as to promote the correction of problematic parents and realization of family unification. Article 38 of the General Principles of Civil Law of China confirms the restoration of parental guardianship; however,its legislative basis and implementation mechanism are insufficient. The criteria for determining the requirement of "true repentance performance"is still abstract. The further involvement of State power hasn't been taken into account. Around the outstanding issues of Article 38,the mature experience of US law is worthy to be learned.
After the parental guardianship of minors is deprived,it can be restored under proper conditions.The US law emphasizes the involvement of State power and requires the states to make "reasonable efforts"to parents whose guardianship is deprived. Specific rules are set for the procedures and the service provision,so as to promote the correction of problematic parents and realization of family unification. Article 38 of the General Principles of Civil Law of China confirms the restoration of parental guardianship; however,its legislative basis and implementation mechanism are insufficient. The criteria for determining the requirement of "true repentance performance"is still abstract. The further involvement of State power hasn't been taken into account. Around the outstanding issues of Article 38,the mature experience of US law is worthy to be learned.
引文
(1)The AFCARS(Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System)Report No. 23:Preliminary FY 2015 Estimates as of June 2016.Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,pp.1-3.
(1)Katherine A. Hort,Note,“Is Twenty-two Months Beyond the Best Interest of the Child”,ASFA's Guidelines for the Termination of Parental Rights,Fordham URIB. L.J. Vol.28,2000,p.1881.
(2)Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997,131:Id.§1356.21(b)(1),(d).
(3)Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act(AACWA)of 1980,Pub. L. No. 96-272,§471(a)(15),94 Stat. 500,503.
(4)North Carolina Division of Social Services and the Family and Children's Resource Program,“Reunification in North Carolina:How Are We Doing”,Children's Services Practice Notes,Vol.18,2013,p.1.
(5)Child Welfare Information Gateway,“Family reunification:What the evidence shows”,Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,2011,p.4.
(6)Santosky v. Kramer,455 U.S. 1982,pp.745-753.
(7)杨敏:《儿童保护:美国经验及其启示》,江苏人民出版社2016年版,第19页。
(8)Raymond C. O’Brien,“Reasonable Efforts and Parent-Child Reunification”,Michigan State Law Review,2013,p.1034.
(1)Robert M. Gordon,“Drifting Through Byzantium:The Promise and Failure of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997”,MINN. L. REV.Vol.83,1999,pp.653-654.
(2)State ex rel. Juvenile Dep’t of Jackson Cnty v. K.D.,209 P.3d 810(Or. App. 2009).
(3)ASFA of 1997,Pub. L. No. 105-189,§101(a),111 Stat. 2115(codified as amended at 42 U.S.C.§671(a)(15)(D)(2006)).
(4)GA. CODE ANN.§15-11-58(a)(4)(A)(2008).
(5)Kathleen S. Bean,“Aggravated Circumstances,Reasonable Efforts,and ASFA”,Boston College Third World Law Journal,Vol.29,2009,p.225.
(6)Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980(P.L. 96-272),42 U.S.C. 671(16).
(7)Child Welfare Information Gateway,“Reasonable Efforts to Preserve or Reunify Families and Achieve Permanency for Children”,Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,2016,p.1.
(1)Child Welfare Information Gateway,“Reasonable Efforts to Preserve or Reunify Families and Achieve Permanency for Children”,Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,2016,p.4.
(2)New York State Office of Children and Family Services,“You Don’t Have to Stop Being a Parent While You are in a Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Facility”,New York:Office of Children and Family Services,2016,p.2.
(3)Corcoran,J.“Family Interventions With Child Physical Abuse and Neglect:A Critical Review”,Children and Youth Services Review,Vol.22,2000,pp.563-591.
(4)Child Welfare Information Gateway,“Reasonable Efforts to Preserve or Reunify Families and Achieve Permanency for Children”,Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,2016,p.12.
(5)Cheng,T. C.“Factors Associated With Reunification:A longitudinal Analysis of long-term Foster Care”,Children and Youth Services Review,Vol.32,2010,pp.1311-1316.
(1)Iowa Department of Human Services,“Returning Children Home Safely and Permanently”,Iowa:The Child and Family Services Division,Iowa Department of Human Services,2008,p.3.
(2)Kathleen A. Bailie,“The Other‘Neglected’Parties in Child Protective Proceedings:Parents in Poverty and the Role of the Lawyers Who Represent Them”,Fordham L. Rev. Vol.66,1998,p.2294.
(3)42 U.S.C.A.§675(4)(E).
(4)42 U.S.C.A.§675(5)(E)(iii).
(5)Department of Family Serves. v. Currier,2013 WY 16,295 P.3d 837,839(Wyo. 2013).
(6)In re Katelynn Y.,147 Cal. Rptr. 3d 423,426(Ct. App. 2012).
(1)Bruce A. Boyer&Amy E. Halbrook,“Advocating for Children in Care in a Climate of Economic Recession:The Relationship Between Poverty and Child Maltreatment”,Nw. J. L.&Soc. Pol’y. Vol.6,2011,p.307.
(2)In re Gabriel K.,136 Cal. Rptr. 3d 813,819(Ct. App. 2012).
(3)Will L. Crossley,“Defining Reasonable Efforts:Demystifying the State’s Burden Under Federal Child Protection Legislation”,B.U. PUB.INT. L.J. Vol.12,2003,p.274.
(4)Am. Humane Ass’n.“Analysis of the President’s FY 2012 Budget 3”,Available at http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/pdfs/children/fy-2012-budget-analysis-children.pdf.最后访问时间:2018年11月6日。
(5)Suter v. Artist M.,503 U.S.pp.347-348(1992).
(6)In re Katelynn Y.,147 Cal. Rptr. 3d 423,426(Ct. App. 2012).
(7)Courtney Serrato,“How Reasonable are Reasonable Efforts for the Children of Incarcerated Parents”,Golden Gate University Law Review,Vol.46,2016,p.177.
(8)Kathleen S. Bean,“Aggravated Circumstances,Reasonable Efforts,and ASFA”,Boston College Third World Law Journal,Vol.29,2009,p.114.
(1)Go Binsfeld,“Barriers to Adoption:Hearing Before the Subcomm on Hum”,Resources of the H. Comm. on Ways&Means,104th Cong.1996. P.37.
(2)H.R. REP. No. 105-177,p.8.
(3)Michael J. Bufkin,“The‘Reasonable Efforts’Requirement:Does It Place Children at In-creased Risk of Abuse or Neglect”,U. LouIsvt LLEJ. FAM. L. Vol.35,1997,p.374.
(4)Deborah L. Sanders,“Toward Creating a Policy of Permanence for America’s Disposable Children:The Evolution of Federal Funding Statutes for Foster Care from 1961 to Present”,INT'L J.L. POL’v&FAm. Vol.17,2003,p.222.
(5)Child Welfare Information Gateway,“Reasonable Efforts to Preserve or Reunify Families and Achieve Permanency for Children”,Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,2016,p.4.
(6)Cristine H. Kim,“Putting Reason Back Into the Reasonable Efforts Requirement in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases”,U. ILL. L. REV. 1999,p.314.
(7)American Bar Association,“Long Foster Care Stays Reduce Children’s Permanency Chances”,Child Law Practice,Vol. 32,No. 10,2013,p.159.
(8)Robert M. Gordon,“Drifting Through Byzantium:The Promise and Failure of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997”,MINN. L. REV.Vol.83,1999,pp.653-654.
(9)In re Heather C.,751 A.2d. p.456.
(10)In re Div. of Family Serves v. Smith,896 A.2d. pp.188-190(Del. Fam. Ct. 2005).
(11)In re. K.L.J.&T.L.J. No. 2-753/12-1102,p.1(Iowa Ct. App. filed Sept. 6,2012).
(12)In re the Matter of DIVISION OF FAMILY SERVICES v. Connie SMITH,896 A.2d. pp.187-188.
(1)佟丽华:《对未成年人监护制度的立法思考和建议》,载《法学杂志》2005第3期。
(2)王慧:《<民法总则>撤销父母监护权条款的罅漏与完善》,载《江西社会科学》2017年第6期。
(3)梁慧星:《中华人民共和国民法总则(草案):解读、评论和修改建议》,载《华东政法大学学报》2016第5期。
(4)陈甦主编:《民法总则评注(上册)》,法律出版社2017年版,第284页。
(5)李霞:《监护制度比较研究》,山东大学出版社2004年版,第16-17页。
(6)吴燕、季冬梅:《未成年人监护权转移制度研讨会综述》,载《预防青少年犯罪研究》2016年第5期。
(1)陈甦主编:《民法总则评注(上册)》,法律出版社2017年版,第285页。
(2)陈甦主编:《民法总则评注(上册)》,法律出版社2017年版,第286页。
(3)李霞、陈迪:《<民法总则>(草案)第34、35条评析》,载《安徽大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2016年第6期。
(4)王慧:《<民法总则>撤销父母监护权条款的罅漏与完善》,载《江西社会科学》2017年第6期。
(5)曹诗权:《未成年人监护制度演进规律与现实走向》,载《中华女子学院学报》2016年第2期。
(1)Katherine A. Hort,Note,“Is Twenty-two Months Beyond the Best Interest of the Child”,ASFA's Guidelines for the Termination of Parental Rights,Fordham URIB. L.J. Vol.28,2000,p.1881.
(2)Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997,131:Id.§1356.21(b)(1),(d).
(3)Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act(AACWA)of 1980,Pub. L. No. 96-272,§471(a)(15),94 Stat. 500,503.
(4)North Carolina Division of Social Services and the Family and Children's Resource Program,“Reunification in North Carolina:How Are We Doing”,Children's Services Practice Notes,Vol.18,2013,p.1.
(5)Child Welfare Information Gateway,“Family reunification:What the evidence shows”,Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,2011,p.4.
(6)Santosky v. Kramer,455 U.S. 1982,pp.745-753.
(7)杨敏:《儿童保护:美国经验及其启示》,江苏人民出版社2016年版,第19页。
(8)Raymond C. O’Brien,“Reasonable Efforts and Parent-Child Reunification”,Michigan State Law Review,2013,p.1034.
(1)Robert M. Gordon,“Drifting Through Byzantium:The Promise and Failure of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997”,MINN. L. REV.Vol.83,1999,pp.653-654.
(2)State ex rel. Juvenile Dep’t of Jackson Cnty v. K.D.,209 P.3d 810(Or. App. 2009).
(3)ASFA of 1997,Pub. L. No. 105-189,§101(a),111 Stat. 2115(codified as amended at 42 U.S.C.§671(a)(15)(D)(2006)).
(4)GA. CODE ANN.§15-11-58(a)(4)(A)(2008).
(5)Kathleen S. Bean,“Aggravated Circumstances,Reasonable Efforts,and ASFA”,Boston College Third World Law Journal,Vol.29,2009,p.225.
(6)Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980(P.L. 96-272),42 U.S.C. 671(16).
(7)Child Welfare Information Gateway,“Reasonable Efforts to Preserve or Reunify Families and Achieve Permanency for Children”,Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,2016,p.1.
(1)Child Welfare Information Gateway,“Reasonable Efforts to Preserve or Reunify Families and Achieve Permanency for Children”,Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,2016,p.4.
(2)New York State Office of Children and Family Services,“You Don’t Have to Stop Being a Parent While You are in a Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Facility”,New York:Office of Children and Family Services,2016,p.2.
(3)Corcoran,J.“Family Interventions With Child Physical Abuse and Neglect:A Critical Review”,Children and Youth Services Review,Vol.22,2000,pp.563-591.
(4)Child Welfare Information Gateway,“Reasonable Efforts to Preserve or Reunify Families and Achieve Permanency for Children”,Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,2016,p.12.
(5)Cheng,T. C.“Factors Associated With Reunification:A longitudinal Analysis of long-term Foster Care”,Children and Youth Services Review,Vol.32,2010,pp.1311-1316.
(1)Iowa Department of Human Services,“Returning Children Home Safely and Permanently”,Iowa:The Child and Family Services Division,Iowa Department of Human Services,2008,p.3.
(2)Kathleen A. Bailie,“The Other‘Neglected’Parties in Child Protective Proceedings:Parents in Poverty and the Role of the Lawyers Who Represent Them”,Fordham L. Rev. Vol.66,1998,p.2294.
(3)42 U.S.C.A.§675(4)(E).
(4)42 U.S.C.A.§675(5)(E)(iii).
(5)Department of Family Serves. v. Currier,2013 WY 16,295 P.3d 837,839(Wyo. 2013).
(6)In re Katelynn Y.,147 Cal. Rptr. 3d 423,426(Ct. App. 2012).
(1)Bruce A. Boyer&Amy E. Halbrook,“Advocating for Children in Care in a Climate of Economic Recession:The Relationship Between Poverty and Child Maltreatment”,Nw. J. L.&Soc. Pol’y. Vol.6,2011,p.307.
(2)In re Gabriel K.,136 Cal. Rptr. 3d 813,819(Ct. App. 2012).
(3)Will L. Crossley,“Defining Reasonable Efforts:Demystifying the State’s Burden Under Federal Child Protection Legislation”,B.U. PUB.INT. L.J. Vol.12,2003,p.274.
(4)Am. Humane Ass’n.“Analysis of the President’s FY 2012 Budget 3”,Available at http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/pdfs/children/fy-2012-budget-analysis-children.pdf.最后访问时间:2018年11月6日。
(5)Suter v. Artist M.,503 U.S.pp.347-348(1992).
(6)In re Katelynn Y.,147 Cal. Rptr. 3d 423,426(Ct. App. 2012).
(7)Courtney Serrato,“How Reasonable are Reasonable Efforts for the Children of Incarcerated Parents”,Golden Gate University Law Review,Vol.46,2016,p.177.
(8)Kathleen S. Bean,“Aggravated Circumstances,Reasonable Efforts,and ASFA”,Boston College Third World Law Journal,Vol.29,2009,p.114.
(1)Go Binsfeld,“Barriers to Adoption:Hearing Before the Subcomm on Hum”,Resources of the H. Comm. on Ways&Means,104th Cong.1996. P.37.
(2)H.R. REP. No. 105-177,p.8.
(3)Michael J. Bufkin,“The‘Reasonable Efforts’Requirement:Does It Place Children at In-creased Risk of Abuse or Neglect”,U. LouIsvt LLEJ. FAM. L. Vol.35,1997,p.374.
(4)Deborah L. Sanders,“Toward Creating a Policy of Permanence for America’s Disposable Children:The Evolution of Federal Funding Statutes for Foster Care from 1961 to Present”,INT'L J.L. POL’v&FAm. Vol.17,2003,p.222.
(5)Child Welfare Information Gateway,“Reasonable Efforts to Preserve or Reunify Families and Achieve Permanency for Children”,Washington,DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Children’s Bureau,2016,p.4.
(6)Cristine H. Kim,“Putting Reason Back Into the Reasonable Efforts Requirement in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases”,U. ILL. L. REV. 1999,p.314.
(7)American Bar Association,“Long Foster Care Stays Reduce Children’s Permanency Chances”,Child Law Practice,Vol. 32,No. 10,2013,p.159.
(8)Robert M. Gordon,“Drifting Through Byzantium:The Promise and Failure of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997”,MINN. L. REV.Vol.83,1999,pp.653-654.
(9)In re Heather C.,751 A.2d. p.456.
(10)In re Div. of Family Serves v. Smith,896 A.2d. pp.188-190(Del. Fam. Ct. 2005).
(11)In re. K.L.J.&T.L.J. No. 2-753/12-1102,p.1(Iowa Ct. App. filed Sept. 6,2012).
(12)In re the Matter of DIVISION OF FAMILY SERVICES v. Connie SMITH,896 A.2d. pp.187-188.
(1)佟丽华:《对未成年人监护制度的立法思考和建议》,载《法学杂志》2005第3期。
(2)王慧:《<民法总则>撤销父母监护权条款的罅漏与完善》,载《江西社会科学》2017年第6期。
(3)梁慧星:《中华人民共和国民法总则(草案):解读、评论和修改建议》,载《华东政法大学学报》2016第5期。
(4)陈甦主编:《民法总则评注(上册)》,法律出版社2017年版,第284页。
(5)李霞:《监护制度比较研究》,山东大学出版社2004年版,第16-17页。
(6)吴燕、季冬梅:《未成年人监护权转移制度研讨会综述》,载《预防青少年犯罪研究》2016年第5期。
(1)陈甦主编:《民法总则评注(上册)》,法律出版社2017年版,第285页。
(2)陈甦主编:《民法总则评注(上册)》,法律出版社2017年版,第286页。
(3)李霞、陈迪:《<民法总则>(草案)第34、35条评析》,载《安徽大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2016年第6期。
(4)王慧:《<民法总则>撤销父母监护权条款的罅漏与完善》,载《江西社会科学》2017年第6期。
(5)曹诗权:《未成年人监护制度演进规律与现实走向》,载《中华女子学院学报》2016年第2期。
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