带偏航角串列式两风机复杂尾流场数值模拟
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摘要
在多风机风电场中,通过主动调节上游风机的偏航角度,抑制上游风机尾流对下游风机的影响,减少风力机机组之间的尾流相互干扰,以达到提高整个风电场效率的目的。采用基于开源平台Open FOAM自主开发的FOWT-UALM-SJTU求解器中风电场求解模块ALMWindFarmFoam,将致动线模型与CFD方法相结合,利用大涡模拟(LES)计算研究当上游风机处于不同偏航角度时,两风机之间的复杂尾流干扰效应。对比分析偏航角度改变时,上下游风机气动功率的输出特性,尾流速度变化以及风机的尾涡结构。数值模拟结果表明:在上下游风机沿流向方向距离保持不变的情况下,随着上游风机偏航角度的变化,上下游风机的尾流干扰现象以及下游风机的入流条件会发生明显改变,并会对下游风机的气动功率输出以及两风机风电场的整体流场产生显著影响。
In wind farms,the downstream wind turbines are distributed by the upstream wake,and the wake interaction among wind turbines has a great influence on the performance of the wind turbines. To reduce this effect,a control strategy based on the yaw angle can be a method for actively controlling the direction of the wake,and thereby improving the power output of whole wind farm. In this paper,large eddy simulations combined with the actuator line model are conducted in the in-house CFD code FOWT-UALM-SJTU Solver based on open source CFD platform Open FOAM to simulate the wind farm which contains two tandem wind turbines when the upstream wind turbine is operated in different yaw conditions. According to the analysis of power outputs,wake characteristics,and vortex structures,when the upstream wind turbine is operating in the different yaw conditions,the behavior of the wake and the inlet condition of the downstream wind turbine will be affected to a great extent. And the yawed wake will also have a significant influence on the aerodynamic power output of the downstream wind turbine and the whole flow field around the wind farm.
In wind farms,the downstream wind turbines are distributed by the upstream wake,and the wake interaction among wind turbines has a great influence on the performance of the wind turbines. To reduce this effect,a control strategy based on the yaw angle can be a method for actively controlling the direction of the wake,and thereby improving the power output of whole wind farm. In this paper,large eddy simulations combined with the actuator line model are conducted in the in-house CFD code FOWT-UALM-SJTU Solver based on open source CFD platform Open FOAM to simulate the wind farm which contains two tandem wind turbines when the upstream wind turbine is operated in different yaw conditions. According to the analysis of power outputs,wake characteristics,and vortex structures,when the upstream wind turbine is operating in the different yaw conditions,the behavior of the wake and the inlet condition of the downstream wind turbine will be affected to a great extent. And the yawed wake will also have a significant influence on the aerodynamic power output of the downstream wind turbine and the whole flow field around the wind farm.
引文
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[15] TROLDBORG N,SRENSEN J N,MIKKELSEN R F. Actuator line modeling of wind turbine wakes[D]. Denmark:Technical University of Denmark,2008.
[16] SANDERSE B,PIJL S P,KOREN B. Review of computational fluid dynamics for wind turbine wake aerodynamics[J]. J. Wind Energy,2011,14(7):799-819.
[17] JONKMAN J,BUTTERFIELD S,MUSIAL W,et al. Definition of a 5 MW reference wind turbine for offshore system development[R]. National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO,Technical Report No. NREL/TP-500-38060,2009.
[2]谢治国,胡化凯,张逢.建国以来我国可再生能源政策的发展[J].中国软科学,2005(9):50-57.(XIE Z G,HU H K,ZHANG F. Development of chinese renewable energy policies after the foundation of the stat[J]. China Soft Science,2005(9):50-57.(in Chinese))
[3] KATIC I,HJSTRUP J,JENSEN N O. A simple model for cluster efficiency[C]//Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Association Conference and Exhibition. 1986:407-410.
[4] GEBRAAD P M O,TEEUWISSE F W,WINGERDEN J W,et al. Wind plant power optimization through yaw control using a parametric model for wake effects—a CFD simulation study[J]. Wind Energy,2016,19(1):95-114.
[5] AINSLIE J F. Calculating the flowfield in the wake of wind turbines[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1988,27(1-3):213-224.
[6] HOWLAND M F,BOSSUYT J,MARTINEZ-TOSSAS L A,et al. Wake structure of wind turbines in yaw under uniform inflow conditions[J]. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy,2016,8(4):043301.
[7] ANDRESEN B. Wake behind a wind turbine operating in yaw[D]. Institutt for Energi-og Prosessteknikk,2013.
[8] FLEMING P,GEBRAAD P,LEE S,et al. High-fidelity simulation comparison of wake mitigation control strategies for a two-turbine case[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on Aerodynamics of Offshore Wind Energy Systems and Wakes(ICOWES 2013). 2013:17-19.
[9] MIAO W,LI C,YANG J,et al. Numerical investigation of the yawed wake and its effects on the downstream wind turbine[J].Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy,2016,8(3):033303.
[10]程萍,万德成.基于重叠网格法数值分析塔架对风机气动性能的影响[J].水动力学研究与进展,2017,32(1):32-39.(CHENG P,WAN D C. Analysis of wind turbine blade-tower interaction using overset grid method[J]. Chinese Journal of Hydrodynamics,2017,32(1):32-39.(in Chinese))
[11]万德成,程萍,黄扬,等.海上浮式风机气动力—水动力耦合分析研究进展[J].力学季刊,2017,38(3):385-407.(WAN D C,CHENG P,HUANG Y. Overview of study on aero-and hydro-dynamic interaction for floating offshore wind turbines[J]. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics,2017,38(3):385-407.(in Chinese))
[12] AI Y,WAN D C,HU C H. Effects of inter-turbines spacing on aerodynamics for wind farms based on actuator line model[C]//Proceedings of the 27th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference. International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2017.
[13] SORENSEN J N,SHEN W Z. Numerical modeling of wind turbine wakes[J]. Journal of Fluids Engineering,2002,124(2):393-399.
[14] SRENSEN J N,SHEN W Z. Computation of wind turbine wakes using combined Navier-Stokes/actuator-line Methodology[C]//Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition. 1999:156-159.
[15] TROLDBORG N,SRENSEN J N,MIKKELSEN R F. Actuator line modeling of wind turbine wakes[D]. Denmark:Technical University of Denmark,2008.
[16] SANDERSE B,PIJL S P,KOREN B. Review of computational fluid dynamics for wind turbine wake aerodynamics[J]. J. Wind Energy,2011,14(7):799-819.
[17] JONKMAN J,BUTTERFIELD S,MUSIAL W,et al. Definition of a 5 MW reference wind turbine for offshore system development[R]. National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO,Technical Report No. NREL/TP-500-38060,2009.