澜沧江下游景观破碎化时空动态及成因分析
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摘要
景观破碎化深刻影响着景观格局和过程。以澜沧江下游城市——景洪市为研究区域,选取2000、2005和2010年的景观类型数据与对应的SPOT-NDVI遥感数据,对比了移动窗口法和空间自相关法在指示景观破碎化时的精确性和可应用性。采用300 m的移动窗口边长,选取蔓延度指数(CONTAG)、景观形状指数(LSI)、斑块密度(PD)、边缘密度(ED)、最大斑块指数(LPI)和香农多样性指数(SHDI),利用移动窗口法将景观指数空间可视化以指示景观破碎化特征。研究表明,不同景观类型的NDVI值均在0.6以上;2000年、2005年和2010年,Moran’s I值均在0.78以上;进一步分析了NDVI的局部空间自相关指数Moran’s I,结果表明NDVI呈"高—高"自相关的地区大多为常绿阔叶林地带,而NDVI呈"低—低"自相关的地区大多为建筑用地和耕地分布广泛的区域。统计各景观类型的景观指数和空间自相关指数后发现,对于常绿阔叶林和未利用地等景观类型,局部自相关指数高的区域,CONTAG值也高,而LSI值较低,这表明该类景观类型斑块较少且完整,破碎化不明显。通过比较不同景观类型的景观指数和空间自相关系数,发现两种方法在指示景观破碎化上具有良好的可比性。同时,提取了海拔、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度和地面粗糙度等地形因子,分析了NDVI和地形因子之间的局部空间自相关指数Moran’s I,结果表明研究区植被分布在一定的程度上由海拔、坡度、地形起伏度和地面粗糙度所决定。本研究为综合景观指数与空间统计分析揭示景观格局变化和空间异质性提供了参考,并通过景观格局与地形因子的相关性分析进一步解释了景观格局变化与环境变化的生态意义。
Landscape fragmentation influences landscape pattern and process greatly. Based on landscape pattern and NDVI data, the applicability of different methods to describe landscape heterogeneity were compared. Taking Jinghong city located in the downstream of Lancang River as a case, landscape pattern data and corresponding SPOT-NDVI remote sensing data of 2000, 2005, 2010 were used to assess the accuracy and availability of moving window method and spatial autocorrelation method to indicate spatio-temporal landscape dynamics. Contagion index(CONTAG), landscape shape index(LPI), patch density(PD), edge density(ED), largest patch index(LPI) and Shannon diversity index(SHDI) were also chosen to visualize landscape pattern characteristics using moving window method with 300 m resolution. The study showed that, the NDVI values of different landscape types were both above 0.6; NDVI were significantly clustered in 2000, 2005 and 2010 in spatial; the NDVI showed high-high clustered were largely distributed in evergreen broad-leaved forest. However, NDVI values showed low-low clustered and were distributed in built land and cultivated land. The results from statistics of landscape index and spatial autocorrelation index of landscape types showed that, for evergreen broad-leaf forest and unutilized land, the area whose local autocorrelation index was high, meanwhile, CONTAG was very high and LSI was low, this phenomenon indicted that the patches of this type were little, integrated and fragmentation was not clear. By comparing the two methods, we found that the local Moran's I could manifest analogy to the landscape metrics in evaluating landscape fragmentation. Meanwhile, the evaluation, slope, aspect, surface rolling and surface roughness were extracted, and the local autocorrelation index between NDVI distribution and terrain factors were calculated, and the results showed that vegetation distribution was determined by the altitude, slope and surface roughness in the certain degree. The study provided an approach to indicate the landscape pattern and spatial heterogeneity combining landscape indices and spatial statistics data together, further to express the ecological meanings focusing on landscape pattern change and environmental change according to correlation between landscape and terrain factors.
Landscape fragmentation influences landscape pattern and process greatly. Based on landscape pattern and NDVI data, the applicability of different methods to describe landscape heterogeneity were compared. Taking Jinghong city located in the downstream of Lancang River as a case, landscape pattern data and corresponding SPOT-NDVI remote sensing data of 2000, 2005, 2010 were used to assess the accuracy and availability of moving window method and spatial autocorrelation method to indicate spatio-temporal landscape dynamics. Contagion index(CONTAG), landscape shape index(LPI), patch density(PD), edge density(ED), largest patch index(LPI) and Shannon diversity index(SHDI) were also chosen to visualize landscape pattern characteristics using moving window method with 300 m resolution. The study showed that, the NDVI values of different landscape types were both above 0.6; NDVI were significantly clustered in 2000, 2005 and 2010 in spatial; the NDVI showed high-high clustered were largely distributed in evergreen broad-leaved forest. However, NDVI values showed low-low clustered and were distributed in built land and cultivated land. The results from statistics of landscape index and spatial autocorrelation index of landscape types showed that, for evergreen broad-leaf forest and unutilized land, the area whose local autocorrelation index was high, meanwhile, CONTAG was very high and LSI was low, this phenomenon indicted that the patches of this type were little, integrated and fragmentation was not clear. By comparing the two methods, we found that the local Moran's I could manifest analogy to the landscape metrics in evaluating landscape fragmentation. Meanwhile, the evaluation, slope, aspect, surface rolling and surface roughness were extracted, and the local autocorrelation index between NDVI distribution and terrain factors were calculated, and the results showed that vegetation distribution was determined by the altitude, slope and surface roughness in the certain degree. The study provided an approach to indicate the landscape pattern and spatial heterogeneity combining landscape indices and spatial statistics data together, further to express the ecological meanings focusing on landscape pattern change and environmental change according to correlation between landscape and terrain factors.
引文
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张雪艳,胡云锋,庄大方,等.2009.蒙古高原NDVI的空间格局及空间分异[J].地理研究,28(1):10-18.
周天墨,付强,诸云强,等.2013.空间自相关方法及其在环境污染领域的应用分析[J].测绘通报,(1):53-56.
SOUTHWORTH J,MUNROE D,NAGENDRA H.2004.Land cover change and landscape fragmentation--comparing the utility of continuous and discrete analyses for a western Honduras region[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,101(2-3):185-205.
陈利顶,杨爽,冯晓明.2008.土地利用变化的地形梯度特征与空间扩展--以北京市海淀区和延庆县为例[J].地理研究,27(6):1225-1234.
崔林丽,史军,肖风劲,等.2010.中国东部NDVI的变化趋势及其与气候因子的相关分析[J].资源科学,32(1):124-131.
崔世杰.2013.基于RS和GIS的长江中下游湖泊湿地景观动态变化研究[D].武汉:华中师范大学:3-5.
冯异星,罗格平,周德成,等.2010.近50 a土地利用变化对干旱区典型流域景观格局的影响--以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例[J].生态学报,30(16):4295-4305.
耿红生.2011.快速城镇化背景下景洪市小城镇形态演变研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学:6-10.
谷建立,张海涛,陈家赢,等.2012.基于DEM的县域土地利用空间自相关格局分析[J].农业工程学报,28(23):216-224.
何鹏,张会儒.2009.常用景观指数的因子分析和筛选方法研究[J].林业科学研究,22(4):470-474.
胡巍巍,王根绪,邓伟.2008.景观格局与生态过程相互关系研究进展[J].地理科学进展,27(1):18-24.
李慧,王云鹏,李岩,等.2011.珠江三角洲土地利用变化空间自相关分析[J].生态环境学报,20(12):1879-1885.
李江龙.2015.景洪市森林资源管理现状与对策[J].现代园艺,(4):232-233.
梁尧钦,曾辉,李菁.2012.深圳市大鹏半岛土地利用变化对植被覆盖动态的影响[J].应用生态学报,23(1):199-205.
刘琦,刘世梁,赵清贺,等.2012.基于移动窗口法的水电开发影响下景观格局梯度分析[J].山地学报,30(5):628-635.
刘世梁,温敏霞,崔保山,等.2006.道路网络扩展对区域生态系统的影响--以景洪市纵向岭谷区为例[J].生态学报,26(9):3018-3024.
马燕飞,沙占江,郭丽红,等.2010.基于NDVI及DEM的青海湖北岸景观格局空间自相关分析[J].遥感信息,(6):95-100,119.
毛德华,王宗明,宋开山,等.2011.东北多年冻土区植被NDVI变化及其对气候变化和土地覆被变化的响应[J].中国环境科学,31(2):283-292.
邱炳文,王钦敏,陈崇成,等.2007.福建省土地利用多尺度空间自相关分析[J].自然资源学报,22(2):311-321.
宋富强,邢开雄,刘阳,等.2011.基于MODIS/NDVI的陕北地区植被动态监测与评价[J].生态学报,31(2):354-363.
陶宇,李峰,王如松,等.2013.城市绿色空间格局的定量化方法研究进展[J].生态学报,33(8):2330-2342.
王小东.2011.基于RS与GIS的梅城林场森林景观格局动态分析[D].合肥:安徽农业大学:5-8.
王晓利,姜德娟,马大喜.2013.基于MODIS NDVI时间序列的植被覆盖空间自相关分析--以山东半岛与辽东半岛区域比较研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,27(10):139-144.
吴莉,侯西勇,徐新良,等.2013.山东沿海地区土地利用和景观格局变化[J].农业工程学报,29(5):207-216.
张景华,封志明,姜鲁光.2011.土地利用/土地覆被分类系统研究进展[J].资源科学,33(6):1195-1203.
张立平,张世文,叶回春,等.2014.露天煤矿区土地损毁与复垦景观指数分析[J].资源科学,36(1):55-64.
张琳琳,孔繁花,尹海伟,等.2010.基于景观空间指标与移动窗口的济南城市空间格局变化[J].生态学杂志,29(8):1591-1598.
张玲玲,赵永华,殷莎,等.2014.基于移动窗口法的岷江干旱河谷景观格局梯度分析[J].生态学报,34(12):3276-3284.
张秋玲,马金辉,赵传燕.2007.兴隆山地区景观格局变化及驱动因子[J].生态学报,27(8):3206-3214.
张松林,张昆.2007a.局部空间自相关指标对比研究[J].统计研究,24(7):65-67.
张松林,张昆.2007b.空间自相关局部指标Moran指数和G系数研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,27(3):31-34.
张雪艳,胡云锋,庄大方,等.2009.蒙古高原NDVI的空间格局及空间分异[J].地理研究,28(1):10-18.
周天墨,付强,诸云强,等.2013.空间自相关方法及其在环境污染领域的应用分析[J].测绘通报,(1):53-56.