以文学批评为枢纽的文学理论建构
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摘要
当代文学理论危机主要不在于理论自身的概念或逻辑问题,而根源于文学理论脱离文学经验的结构性危机。理论范畴的中西古今之争意义有限,更根本的出路是文学理论与文学批评融合,以重建"文学理论-文学批评-文学经验"这一基本结构。文学批评是联接并双向转换文学理论与文学经验的枢纽,也是评估文学理论危机的基本尺度。以文学批评为枢纽的文学理论建构,要求转变理论封闭式再生产、单向度规训文学批评与文学经验及以之为"例证"的科学演绎逻辑。文学批评也需要改变其前现代教化规训与无理论深度状况,而升格为文学理论实践探索形态。静态的知识体系依托文学批评激活为概念与经验融合的人文学科诠释状态,这不仅是文学理论创新发展的状态,也是符合文学理论特性的研究与教学模式。
The crisis of contemporary literary theory does not lie in literary theory itself or in its logic; instead,it is a structural crisis rooted in the divorce between theory and literary experience.Compared with the effort to re-establish the fundamental link between literary theory,criticism and experience,the debate over the theories between Chinese and the Western and between the classical and the contemporary does not hold much significance.Literary criticism connects literary theory and experience as it is not only the hinge between them but also the essential measurement to evaluate the crisis of literary theory.The construction of literary theory centered on literary criticism means that literary theory should change its closed self-reproduction and stop its onedimensional regulation of literary criticism and experience,doing away with the scientific logic of deduction which takes literary experience and literary criticism as evidences.In the meantime,literary criticism must avert from the pre-modern moral doctrines and promote its theoretical reaches to explore the theoretical practice.When the knowledge system of theory is vitalized through literary criticism,a hermeneutic field of the humanities may thus be formed,in which literary experience and literary concepts are well integrated.This formation may become both a new phase of literary theory development and allow for a new mode of literary theory teaching and research.
The crisis of contemporary literary theory does not lie in literary theory itself or in its logic; instead,it is a structural crisis rooted in the divorce between theory and literary experience.Compared with the effort to re-establish the fundamental link between literary theory,criticism and experience,the debate over the theories between Chinese and the Western and between the classical and the contemporary does not hold much significance.Literary criticism connects literary theory and experience as it is not only the hinge between them but also the essential measurement to evaluate the crisis of literary theory.The construction of literary theory centered on literary criticism means that literary theory should change its closed self-reproduction and stop its onedimensional regulation of literary criticism and experience,doing away with the scientific logic of deduction which takes literary experience and literary criticism as evidences.In the meantime,literary criticism must avert from the pre-modern moral doctrines and promote its theoretical reaches to explore the theoretical practice.When the knowledge system of theory is vitalized through literary criticism,a hermeneutic field of the humanities may thus be formed,in which literary experience and literary concepts are well integrated.This formation may become both a new phase of literary theory development and allow for a new mode of literary theory teaching and research.
引文
布洛克曼:《结构主义》,李幼蒸译。北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003年。[Broekman,J.M..Structuralism.Trans.Li Youzheng.Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2003.]
康德:《判断力批判》,邓晓芒译。北京:人民出版社,2002年。[Kant,Immanuel.Critique of Judgement.Trans.Deng Xiaomang.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,2002.]
——:《纯粹理性批判》,邓晓芒译。北京:人民出版社,2004年。[——.The Critique of Pure Reason.Trans.Deng Xiaomang.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,2004.]
利·拉贝兹:《修正主义》,叶寿曾、裘辉等译。北京:商务印书馆,1963年。[Labetz,Leopold.Revisionism.Trans.Ye,Shouzeng and Qiu Hui et al.Beijing:Commercial Press,1963.]
李欧梵:“《西方现代批评经典译丛》总序(一)”,《中国文学理论》。南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年。[Leo,Ou-fan.“Preface to Translation Series of Canonical Western Modern Criticism.”Chinese Theories of Literature.Nanjing:Jiangsu Education Press,2006.]
王国维:《论近年之学术界》,《王国维遗书》第五册。上海:上海古籍书店,1983年。[Wang,Guowei.“On the Academia in Recent Decades.”Posthumous Writings of Wang G uowei.Vol.5.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1983.]
——:“《国学丛刊》序”,《观堂集林》下。石家庄:河北教育出版社,2001年。[——.“Preface to A Collection of Chinese Studies,”Collected Works of G uantang.Vol.2.Shijiazhuang:Hebei Education Press,2001]
叶嘉莹:《迦陵论词丛稿》。上海:上海古籍出版社,1980年。[Ye,Jiaying.Jialing’s Collected Essays on Poetry.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1980.]
尤西林:“中国文学理论元理论百年嬗变”,《文学评论》2(2013):67-72。[You,Xilin.“The Evolution of Meta-theory of Chinese Literary Theory in the Recent 100 Years.”Literary Criticism 2(2013):67-72.]
1 参见卢卡奇:《叙述与描写》,收入中国社会科学院文学研究所编辑《卢卡奇文学论文集》(北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981年)第1集。
2 参见叶嘉莹:《王国维及其文学批评》(广州:广东人民出版社,1982年版)、《迦陵论词丛稿》(上海:上海古籍出版社,1980年)等。
3 参见伽达默尔:《真理与方法》(上海:上海译文出版社,1999年)126,上卷,洪汉鼎译。译文中的“精神科学”原文为“Geisteswissenschaften”,通译为“人文科学”。
4 这也可以理解为康德所说的规定性判断力与反思性判断力的融合。
康德:《判断力批判》,邓晓芒译。北京:人民出版社,2002年。[Kant,Immanuel.Critique of Judgement.Trans.Deng Xiaomang.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,2002.]
——:《纯粹理性批判》,邓晓芒译。北京:人民出版社,2004年。[——.The Critique of Pure Reason.Trans.Deng Xiaomang.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,2004.]
利·拉贝兹:《修正主义》,叶寿曾、裘辉等译。北京:商务印书馆,1963年。[Labetz,Leopold.Revisionism.Trans.Ye,Shouzeng and Qiu Hui et al.Beijing:Commercial Press,1963.]
李欧梵:“《西方现代批评经典译丛》总序(一)”,《中国文学理论》。南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年。[Leo,Ou-fan.“Preface to Translation Series of Canonical Western Modern Criticism.”Chinese Theories of Literature.Nanjing:Jiangsu Education Press,2006.]
王国维:《论近年之学术界》,《王国维遗书》第五册。上海:上海古籍书店,1983年。[Wang,Guowei.“On the Academia in Recent Decades.”Posthumous Writings of Wang G uowei.Vol.5.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1983.]
——:“《国学丛刊》序”,《观堂集林》下。石家庄:河北教育出版社,2001年。[——.“Preface to A Collection of Chinese Studies,”Collected Works of G uantang.Vol.2.Shijiazhuang:Hebei Education Press,2001]
叶嘉莹:《迦陵论词丛稿》。上海:上海古籍出版社,1980年。[Ye,Jiaying.Jialing’s Collected Essays on Poetry.Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1980.]
尤西林:“中国文学理论元理论百年嬗变”,《文学评论》2(2013):67-72。[You,Xilin.“The Evolution of Meta-theory of Chinese Literary Theory in the Recent 100 Years.”Literary Criticism 2(2013):67-72.]
1 参见卢卡奇:《叙述与描写》,收入中国社会科学院文学研究所编辑《卢卡奇文学论文集》(北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981年)第1集。
2 参见叶嘉莹:《王国维及其文学批评》(广州:广东人民出版社,1982年版)、《迦陵论词丛稿》(上海:上海古籍出版社,1980年)等。
3 参见伽达默尔:《真理与方法》(上海:上海译文出版社,1999年)126,上卷,洪汉鼎译。译文中的“精神科学”原文为“Geisteswissenschaften”,通译为“人文科学”。
4 这也可以理解为康德所说的规定性判断力与反思性判断力的融合。