巴哈马滩与西沙群岛台地生物礁地质特征对比
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摘要
从生物礁碳酸盐岩的沉积特征、孤立台地生物礁沉积模式2个方面对巴哈马滩与西沙群岛进行对比分析:巴哈马滩礁区主要沉积粒状灰岩、泥质灰岩、斜坡发育生物碎屑灰岩,海底文石和镁方解石胶结作用强烈,致大部分原始孔隙度阻塞,孔隙度降低;西沙礁滩海滩岩以生物碎屑灰岩为主,地层主要发育生物碎屑灰岩和白云岩,各种藻类格架的杂乱分布增大岩石的孔隙度。巴哈马滩以孤立碳酸盐岩台地生物礁为主,发育台地边缘斜坡及滩礁型孤立台地,西沙孤立台礁区主要发育永乐、宣德2类环礁沉积系统,以及台地边缘礁、塔礁、马趾礁、环礁、点礁等多种生物礁类型。大巴哈马滩具有侧向生长的潜力和周期性进积作用的特征,西沙陡坡高能带发育进积型与侵蚀型2种沉积类型,风暴潮与盛行风作用成为灰沙岛的主要成因机制。
Comparative study of the reef platforms is made in this paper for the Bahama banks and the Xisha Islands upon depositional characteristics and facies models.Clastic,argillaceous and slope bioclastic limestones are well distributed in the two areas.The deposition of the cements of aragonite and magnesium calcite on the seafloor has made most of the original pores blocked and thus porosity reduced.Bioclastic limestone dominates the beach rocks on the Xisha reefal flat.In the subsurface stratigraphy,however,bioclastic limestone and dolomite predominate.The existence of various algal clutter causes the increase in the porosity of rocks.The Bahama Bank is an isolated carbonate reef platform,consisting of platform margin deposits,slope deposits and reef flat deposits.The Xisha Islands is also an isolated carbonate platform reef in general,and the Yongle-Xuande atoll is the main reef complex in the region.Many types of reefs,including platform-edge reef,tower reef,horseshoelike reef,atoll,patch reefs etc,are observed there.The Bahama Bankis characterized by cyclical progradation.Thereare two sedimentary types of sequences,however,progradational and erosional,in the steep slope of high energy in the Xisha Islands.The lime-sand island in the Xisha owes its origin to storm surge and prevailing wind.
Comparative study of the reef platforms is made in this paper for the Bahama banks and the Xisha Islands upon depositional characteristics and facies models.Clastic,argillaceous and slope bioclastic limestones are well distributed in the two areas.The deposition of the cements of aragonite and magnesium calcite on the seafloor has made most of the original pores blocked and thus porosity reduced.Bioclastic limestone dominates the beach rocks on the Xisha reefal flat.In the subsurface stratigraphy,however,bioclastic limestone and dolomite predominate.The existence of various algal clutter causes the increase in the porosity of rocks.The Bahama Bank is an isolated carbonate reef platform,consisting of platform margin deposits,slope deposits and reef flat deposits.The Xisha Islands is also an isolated carbonate platform reef in general,and the Yongle-Xuande atoll is the main reef complex in the region.Many types of reefs,including platform-edge reef,tower reef,horseshoelike reef,atoll,patch reefs etc,are observed there.The Bahama Bankis characterized by cyclical progradation.Thereare two sedimentary types of sequences,however,progradational and erosional,in the steep slope of high energy in the Xisha Islands.The lime-sand island in the Xisha owes its origin to storm surge and prevailing wind.
引文
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[21]赵焕庭,王丽荣,宋朝景.南海诸岛灰沙岛淡水透镜体研究述评[J].海洋通报,2014,33(6):601-610.
[22]余克服,宋朝景,赵焕庭.西沙群岛永兴岛地貌与现代沉积特征[J].热带海洋,1995,14(2):24-31.
[23]赵强,许红,吴时国,等.西沙石岛风成碳酸盐沉积的早期成岩作用[J].沉积学报,2013,31(2):220-236.
[2]朱伟林,王振峰,米立军,等.南海西沙西科1井层序地层格架与礁生长单元特征[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2015,40(4):677-687.
[3]Xu H,Sun J,Liao J,et al.Bioherm petroleum reservoir types and features in main sedimentary basins of the South China Sea[J].Journal of Earth Science,2012,23(6):828-841.
[4]梁刚,甘军,李兴.琼东南盆地陵水凹陷天然气成因类型及来源[J].中国海上油气,2015,27(4):47-53.
[5]邹才能,翟光明,张光亚,等.全球常规—非常规油气形成分布、资源潜力及趋势预测[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(1):13-25.
[6]范小军.元坝地区长兴组沉积特征及对储层的控制作用[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(2):39-48.
[7]李秋芬,苗顺德,江青春,等.四川宣汉盘龙洞长兴组生物礁沉积特征及成礁模式[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2015,45(5):1322-1331.
[8]宋红瑛,许红,孙志鹏,等.卫星多光谱生物礁沉积相编图技术及其在大巴哈马滩的应用[J].海洋地质前沿,2011,27(9):65-69.
[9]孙志鹏,许红,王振峰,等.西沙群岛海滩岩类型及其油气地质意义[J].海洋地质动态,2010,26(7):1-6.
[10]黄金森,朱袁智,沙庆安.西沙群岛现代海滩岩岩石学初见[J].地质科学,1978,10(4):358-364.
[11]Ginsburg R N,Swart P K,Mcneill D F,et al.Rapid growth rates of syndepositional marine aragonite cements in steep marginal slope deposits,Bahamas and Belize[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1993,63(5):983-989.
[12]曹瑞骥,薛耀松.巴哈马现代叠层石的生物学及岩石学特征[J].地质学报,1985,59(3):203-212+274.
[13]马玉波,吴时国,杜晓慧,等.西沙碳酸盐岩建隆发育模式及其主控因素[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2011,31(4):59-67.
[14]马玉波,吴时国,谷明峰,等.西沙海区碳酸盐台地地震反射特征及沉积模式[J].海洋学报(中文版),2010,32(4):118-128.
[15]陈亦寒,刘大锰,魏喜,等.西沙群岛晚新生代生物礁储层特征及控制因素——基于西琛1井钻探资料[J].石油天然气学报,2007,29(3):360-363+517-518.
[16]张明书,李绍全,刘健.中国海岸带晚第四纪地质研究中的问题与进展[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1994,14(3):61-77
[17]Gregor P.碳酸盐岩储层和沉积体系的地震成像[M].蔡希源,译.北京:地质出版社,2004.
[18]顾家裕,马锋,季丽丹.碳酸盐岩台地类型、特征及主控因素[J].古地理学报,2009,11(1):21-27.
[19]匡增桂,郭依群,王嘹亮,等.西沙海域晚中新世环礁体系的发现及演化[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(12):2675-2688.
[20]金振奎,石良,高白水,等.碳酸盐岩沉积相及相模式[J].沉积学报,2013,31(6):965-979.
[21]赵焕庭,王丽荣,宋朝景.南海诸岛灰沙岛淡水透镜体研究述评[J].海洋通报,2014,33(6):601-610.
[22]余克服,宋朝景,赵焕庭.西沙群岛永兴岛地貌与现代沉积特征[J].热带海洋,1995,14(2):24-31.
[23]赵强,许红,吴时国,等.西沙石岛风成碳酸盐沉积的早期成岩作用[J].沉积学报,2013,31(2):220-236.