直流电弧原位冶金制备粗晶碳化钨块体复合材料
|
摘要
利用直流电弧原位冶金技术制备粗晶碳化钨块体复合材料,并利用X射线衍射仪、电子探针等对其物相组成、微观组织、W与C反应过程和WC生长形态演变机制进行研究。结果表明:碳化钨复合材料的主要硬质相为WC和W2C;当自耗电极长度增加时,WC含量降低,但晶粒尺寸增大,最大晶粒尺寸约为100μm。在原位冶金过程中,W和C元素通过溶解进入熔池发生扩散反应,逐步形成W2C和WC。WC生长形态由六棱柱演变为三棱柱,生长方式为小平面晶体台阶侧向长大;当达到临界过冷度时,WC晶粒迅速生长。
Coarse-grain bulk WC composites were prepared by direct current arc in-situ metallurgy.The examination of phase composition and microstructure for the materials,reaction process of W and C as well as transformation mechanism for WC morphologies was carried out by X-ray diffractometry and electron probe micro-analysis.The results show that WC and W2C are the main hard phases in the composites.Furthermore,the WC content decreases but the grain sizes of WC increase with increasing the length of consumable electrode,and the largest WC grains can reach about 100 μm.During the process of in-situ metallurgy,W and C dissolve and interdiffuse in the molten pool.As a result,W2C and WC form successively.The WC growth morphology is triangular prism that transforms from hexangular prism,and the growth pattern of WC is lateral growth layer by layer of the facet crystals.The WC grains can grow rapidly when undercooling reaches the critical value.
Coarse-grain bulk WC composites were prepared by direct current arc in-situ metallurgy.The examination of phase composition and microstructure for the materials,reaction process of W and C as well as transformation mechanism for WC morphologies was carried out by X-ray diffractometry and electron probe micro-analysis.The results show that WC and W2C are the main hard phases in the composites.Furthermore,the WC content decreases but the grain sizes of WC increase with increasing the length of consumable electrode,and the largest WC grains can reach about 100 μm.During the process of in-situ metallurgy,W and C dissolve and interdiffuse in the molten pool.As a result,W2C and WC form successively.The WC growth morphology is triangular prism that transforms from hexangular prism,and the growth pattern of WC is lateral growth layer by layer of the facet crystals.The WC grains can grow rapidly when undercooling reaches the critical value.
引文
[1]孙东平,夏斌华.超粗晶粒凿岩硬质合金研究的新进展[J].凿岩机械气动工具,2009(4):41-46.SUN Dong-ping,XIA Bin-hua.New development of super coarse-grains rock drilling cemented carbides[J].Rock Drilling Machinery and Pneumatic Tools,2009(4):41-46.
[2]迟静,李惠琪,王淑峰,李敏.矿用WC硬质合金的研究进展与趋势[J].矿山机械,2010,38(8):23-27.CHI Jing,LI Hui-qi,WANG Shu-feng,LI Min.Development and tendency of bit-used WC cemented carbides[J].Mining and Processing Equipment,2010,38(8):23-27.
[3]吴厚平,张立,王元杰,黄伯云,程鑫.化学包裹粉工艺制备粗晶粒WC-Co硬质合金[J].中国有色金属学报,2010,20(4):701-705.WU Hou-ping,ZHANG Li,WANG Yuan-jie,HUANG Bai-yun,CHENG Xin.WC-Co cemented carbide from porous spumous cobalt enwrapped WC powders by chemical route[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2010,20(4):701-705.
[4]张祎,马俊,狄平,朱世根.La2O3对WC-MgO复合材料组织和力学性能的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,2010,20(10):1982-1988.ZHANG Yi,MA Jun,DI Ping,ZHU Shi-gen.Effects of La2O3 on microstructures and mechanical properties of hot-pressing sintered WC-MgO composite material[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2010,20(10):1982-1988.
[5]ZHAO Min-hai,LIU Ai-guo,GUO Mian-huan,LIU De-jian,WANG Zhi-jian,WANG Chang-bai.WC reinforced surface metal matrix composite produced by plasma melt injection[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2006,201(3/4):1655-1659.
[6]LIU De-jian,LI Li-qun,LI Fu-quan,CHEN Yan-bin.WCp/Fe metal matrix composites produced by laser melt injection[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2008,202(9):1771-1777.
[7]李松林,向锦涛,周伍喜,李玉玺,陈文.超音速火焰喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层的耐滑动磨损行为[J].中国有色金属学报,2012,22(5):1371-1376.LI Song-lin,XIANG Jin-tao,ZHOU Wu-xi,LI Yu-xi,CHEN Wen.Sliding wear behavior of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed WC-10Co4Cr coatings[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2012,22(5):1371-1376.
[8]ZHOU Sheng-feng,ZENG Xiao-yan.Growth characteristics and mechanism of carbides precipitated in WC-Fe composite coatings by laser induction hybrid rapid cladding[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2010,505(2):685-691.
[9]TOBAR M J,áLVAREZ C,AMADO J M,RODRíGUEZ G,Yá-EZ A.Morphology and characterization of laser clad composite NiCrBSi-WC coatings on stainless steel[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2006,200(22/23):6313-6317.
[10]ZHONG Min-lin,LIU Wen-jin,YAO Ke-fu,GOUSSAIN J C,MAYER C,BECKER A.Microstructural evolution in high power laser cladding of Stelllite 6+WC layers[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2002,157(2/3):128-137.
[11]王智慧,杨爱弟,贺定勇,蒋建敏.真空熔覆镍基合金涂层中碳化钨颗粒转变行为[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2008,37(10):1869-1871.WANG Zhi-hui,YANG Ai-di,HE Ding-yong,JIANG Jian-min.The transformation of WC in Ni-based alloy coating by vacuum melting[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2008,37(10):1869-1871.
[12]周玉.材料分析方法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004:1-331.ZHOU Yu.Materials analysis methods[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2004:1-331.
[13]王国栋.硬质合金生产原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1988:1-390.WANG Guo-dong.Fundamentals of cemented carbides[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,1988:1-390.
[14]BERGER L M,SAARO S,NAUMANN T,KA-PAROVA M,ZAHáLKA F.Influence of feedstock powder characteristics and spray processes on microstructure and properties of WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni hardmetal coatings[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2010,205(4):1080-1087.
[15]POWELL G L F,CARLSON R A,RANDLE V.The morphology and microtexture of M7C3 carbides in Fe-Cr-C and Fe-Cr-C-Si alloys of near eutectic composition[J].Journal of Materials Science,1994,29(18):4889-4896.
[16]叶大伦,胡建华.实用无机热力学数据手册[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:1-1210.YE Da-lun,HU Jiang-hua.Practical inorganic thermodynamics data handbook[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2002:1-1210.
[17]王淑峰,李惠琪,迟静,李敏,柴禄,许慧.等离子原位冶金复合碳化钨合金组织特性与结晶机理研究[J].材料工程,2011(8):72-76.WANG Shu-feng,LI Hui-qi,CHI Jing,LI Min,CHAI Lu,XU Hui.Microstructure and crystallization mechanism of composite WC alloy produced by plasma in-situ metallurgy[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2011(8):72-76.
[18]DMITRII V S,IGOR R S,ALEXANDER L I.Structural,electronic properties and stability of tungsten mono-and semi-carbides:A first principles investigation[J].Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids,2009,70(1):64-71.
[19]黄新,孙亚丽,颜杰,唐凯,刘清才,何宪峰,李伟.两步碳化法生产优质粗颗粒WC粉末[J].中国钨业,2007,22(6):39-42.HUANG Xin,SUN Ya-li,YAN Jie,TANG Kai,LIU Qing-cai,HE Xian-feng,LI Wei.The synthesis of high quality coarse WC powder by two-step carbonization[J].China Tungsten Industry,2007,22(6):39-42.
[20]HERBER R P,SCHUBERT W D,LUX B.Hardmetals with rounded WC grains[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2006,24(5):360-364.
[21]胡汉起.金属凝固原理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000:1-196.HU Han-qi.Fundamentals of metal solidification[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2000:1-196.
[22]LAY S,DONNADIEU P,LOUBRADOU M.Polarity of prismatic facets delimiting WC grains in WC-Co alloys[J].Micron,2010,41(5):472-477.
[23]陈瑶,王华明.MC碳化物非平衡凝固液/固界面结构及生长机制[J].金属学报,2003,39(3):254-258.CHEN Yao,WANG Hua-ming.Liquid/solid interface structure and growth mechanism of MC carbide under non-equilibrium solidification conditions[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2003,39(3):254-258.
[24]GU Dong-dong,MEINERS W.Microstructure characteristics and formation mechanisms of in situ WC cemented carbide based hardmetals prepared by selective laser melting[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2010,527(29/30):7585-7592.
[2]迟静,李惠琪,王淑峰,李敏.矿用WC硬质合金的研究进展与趋势[J].矿山机械,2010,38(8):23-27.CHI Jing,LI Hui-qi,WANG Shu-feng,LI Min.Development and tendency of bit-used WC cemented carbides[J].Mining and Processing Equipment,2010,38(8):23-27.
[3]吴厚平,张立,王元杰,黄伯云,程鑫.化学包裹粉工艺制备粗晶粒WC-Co硬质合金[J].中国有色金属学报,2010,20(4):701-705.WU Hou-ping,ZHANG Li,WANG Yuan-jie,HUANG Bai-yun,CHENG Xin.WC-Co cemented carbide from porous spumous cobalt enwrapped WC powders by chemical route[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2010,20(4):701-705.
[4]张祎,马俊,狄平,朱世根.La2O3对WC-MgO复合材料组织和力学性能的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,2010,20(10):1982-1988.ZHANG Yi,MA Jun,DI Ping,ZHU Shi-gen.Effects of La2O3 on microstructures and mechanical properties of hot-pressing sintered WC-MgO composite material[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2010,20(10):1982-1988.
[5]ZHAO Min-hai,LIU Ai-guo,GUO Mian-huan,LIU De-jian,WANG Zhi-jian,WANG Chang-bai.WC reinforced surface metal matrix composite produced by plasma melt injection[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2006,201(3/4):1655-1659.
[6]LIU De-jian,LI Li-qun,LI Fu-quan,CHEN Yan-bin.WCp/Fe metal matrix composites produced by laser melt injection[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2008,202(9):1771-1777.
[7]李松林,向锦涛,周伍喜,李玉玺,陈文.超音速火焰喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层的耐滑动磨损行为[J].中国有色金属学报,2012,22(5):1371-1376.LI Song-lin,XIANG Jin-tao,ZHOU Wu-xi,LI Yu-xi,CHEN Wen.Sliding wear behavior of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed WC-10Co4Cr coatings[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2012,22(5):1371-1376.
[8]ZHOU Sheng-feng,ZENG Xiao-yan.Growth characteristics and mechanism of carbides precipitated in WC-Fe composite coatings by laser induction hybrid rapid cladding[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2010,505(2):685-691.
[9]TOBAR M J,áLVAREZ C,AMADO J M,RODRíGUEZ G,Yá-EZ A.Morphology and characterization of laser clad composite NiCrBSi-WC coatings on stainless steel[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2006,200(22/23):6313-6317.
[10]ZHONG Min-lin,LIU Wen-jin,YAO Ke-fu,GOUSSAIN J C,MAYER C,BECKER A.Microstructural evolution in high power laser cladding of Stelllite 6+WC layers[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2002,157(2/3):128-137.
[11]王智慧,杨爱弟,贺定勇,蒋建敏.真空熔覆镍基合金涂层中碳化钨颗粒转变行为[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2008,37(10):1869-1871.WANG Zhi-hui,YANG Ai-di,HE Ding-yong,JIANG Jian-min.The transformation of WC in Ni-based alloy coating by vacuum melting[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2008,37(10):1869-1871.
[12]周玉.材料分析方法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004:1-331.ZHOU Yu.Materials analysis methods[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2004:1-331.
[13]王国栋.硬质合金生产原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1988:1-390.WANG Guo-dong.Fundamentals of cemented carbides[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,1988:1-390.
[14]BERGER L M,SAARO S,NAUMANN T,KA-PAROVA M,ZAHáLKA F.Influence of feedstock powder characteristics and spray processes on microstructure and properties of WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni hardmetal coatings[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2010,205(4):1080-1087.
[15]POWELL G L F,CARLSON R A,RANDLE V.The morphology and microtexture of M7C3 carbides in Fe-Cr-C and Fe-Cr-C-Si alloys of near eutectic composition[J].Journal of Materials Science,1994,29(18):4889-4896.
[16]叶大伦,胡建华.实用无机热力学数据手册[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:1-1210.YE Da-lun,HU Jiang-hua.Practical inorganic thermodynamics data handbook[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2002:1-1210.
[17]王淑峰,李惠琪,迟静,李敏,柴禄,许慧.等离子原位冶金复合碳化钨合金组织特性与结晶机理研究[J].材料工程,2011(8):72-76.WANG Shu-feng,LI Hui-qi,CHI Jing,LI Min,CHAI Lu,XU Hui.Microstructure and crystallization mechanism of composite WC alloy produced by plasma in-situ metallurgy[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2011(8):72-76.
[18]DMITRII V S,IGOR R S,ALEXANDER L I.Structural,electronic properties and stability of tungsten mono-and semi-carbides:A first principles investigation[J].Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids,2009,70(1):64-71.
[19]黄新,孙亚丽,颜杰,唐凯,刘清才,何宪峰,李伟.两步碳化法生产优质粗颗粒WC粉末[J].中国钨业,2007,22(6):39-42.HUANG Xin,SUN Ya-li,YAN Jie,TANG Kai,LIU Qing-cai,HE Xian-feng,LI Wei.The synthesis of high quality coarse WC powder by two-step carbonization[J].China Tungsten Industry,2007,22(6):39-42.
[20]HERBER R P,SCHUBERT W D,LUX B.Hardmetals with rounded WC grains[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2006,24(5):360-364.
[21]胡汉起.金属凝固原理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000:1-196.HU Han-qi.Fundamentals of metal solidification[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2000:1-196.
[22]LAY S,DONNADIEU P,LOUBRADOU M.Polarity of prismatic facets delimiting WC grains in WC-Co alloys[J].Micron,2010,41(5):472-477.
[23]陈瑶,王华明.MC碳化物非平衡凝固液/固界面结构及生长机制[J].金属学报,2003,39(3):254-258.CHEN Yao,WANG Hua-ming.Liquid/solid interface structure and growth mechanism of MC carbide under non-equilibrium solidification conditions[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2003,39(3):254-258.
[24]GU Dong-dong,MEINERS W.Microstructure characteristics and formation mechanisms of in situ WC cemented carbide based hardmetals prepared by selective laser melting[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2010,527(29/30):7585-7592.