石膏对赤泥盐分离子迁移的影响
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摘要
赤泥是氧化铝生产过程中产生的强碱性固体废弃物,盐分含量高,综合利用难。赤泥堆存的环境安全问题正严重威胁氧化铝工业的可持续发展。通过土柱淋溶模拟实验,研究不同处理(G0:不添加石膏;G2:添加2%的石膏;G4:添加4%的石膏)条件下,石膏对赤泥盐分离子迁移与分布的影响。结果表明:与G0相比,G2和G4的初渗率、稳渗率和平均渗透率分别提高31%～36%、16%～33%和9.3%～35%。G0、G2和G4渗滤液的pH值变化范围分别为8.3～9.4、8.8～10.0和9.0～9.8;EC值变化范围分别为1.0～4.0、5.8～7.2和5.2～7.5 mS·cm~(-1)。石膏有利于渗滤液中Na~+、K~+和CO■的迁移,为赤泥堆场盐分调控及赤泥土壤化处理实践提供科学依据。
Bauxite residue is an alkaline waste byproduct generated by the extraction of alumina from bauxite, with strong alkalinity and high salinity. Disposal of bauxite residue(red mud) became an increasing concern to the sustainable development of the alumina industry. A leaching column experiment was conducted to study the effects of different treatments(G0:no gypsum, G2:2% gypsum, G4:4% gypsum) on migration and distribution of salt in bauxite residue. The results are given as follows. Compared with the control group, gypsum led to increases of the initial permeation rate, the stable permeability rate, and average permeation in water leaching by 31%-36%,16%-33%, and 9.3%-35%, respectively. The pH ranges of G0, G2, and G4 in water leaching are 8.3-9.4, 8.8-10.0, and 9.0-9.8, respectively. The EC values of G0, G2, and G4 in water leaching are 1.0-4.0, 5.8-7.2, and 5.2-7.5 mS·cm~(-1), respectively. Addition of gypsum in bauxite residue is beneficial to the leaching of Na~+, K~+, and CO■. This study provides a scientific basis for the control and prevention of salinity and the soil formation of bauxite residue.
Bauxite residue is an alkaline waste byproduct generated by the extraction of alumina from bauxite, with strong alkalinity and high salinity. Disposal of bauxite residue(red mud) became an increasing concern to the sustainable development of the alumina industry. A leaching column experiment was conducted to study the effects of different treatments(G0:no gypsum, G2:2% gypsum, G4:4% gypsum) on migration and distribution of salt in bauxite residue. The results are given as follows. Compared with the control group, gypsum led to increases of the initial permeation rate, the stable permeability rate, and average permeation in water leaching by 31%-36%,16%-33%, and 9.3%-35%, respectively. The pH ranges of G0, G2, and G4 in water leaching are 8.3-9.4, 8.8-10.0, and 9.0-9.8, respectively. The EC values of G0, G2, and G4 in water leaching are 1.0-4.0, 5.8-7.2, and 5.2-7.5 mS·cm~(-1), respectively. Addition of gypsum in bauxite residue is beneficial to the leaching of Na~+, K~+, and CO■. This study provides a scientific basis for the control and prevention of salinity and the soil formation of bauxite residue.
引文
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[8] Wu C,Huang L,Xue S G,et al.Oxic and anoxic conditions affect arsenic (As) accumulation and arsenite transporter expression in rice [J].Chemosphere,2017,168:969-975.
[9] Xue S G,Shi LZ,Wu C,et al.Cadmium,lead,and arsenic contamination in paddy soils of a mining area and their exposure effects on human HEPG2 and keratinocyte cell-lines [J].Environmental Research,2017,156:23-30.
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[15] Vermue E,Metselaar K,S.E.A.T.M.van der Zee.Modelling of soil salinity and halophyte crop production [J].Environmental Experimental Botany,2013,92:186-196.
[16] Zhu F,Xue S G,Hartley W,et al.Novel predictors of soil genesis following natural weathering processes of bauxite residues[J].Environmental Science Pollution Research,2016,23(3):2 856-2 863.
[17] Zhu F,Hou J T,Xue S G,et al.Vermicompost and gypsum amendments improve aggregate formation in bauxite residue [J].Land Degradation Development,2017,27:2 109-2 120.
[18] Santini T C,Fey M V.Spontaneous vegetation encroachment upon bauxite residue (red mud) as an indicator and facilitator of In situ remediation processes [J].Environmental Science Technology,2013,47:12 089-12 096.
[19] 薛生国,李晓飞,孔祥峰,等.赤泥碱性调控研究进展[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(8):2 815-2 828.
[20] Kong X F,Li M,Xue S G,et al.Acid transformation of bauxite residue:Conversion of its alkaline characteristics [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,324:382-390.
[21] Courtney R,Harrington T,Byrne K A.Indicators of soil formation in restored bauxite residues[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,58:63-68.
[22] Courtney R G,Timpson J P.Reclamation of fine fraction bauxite processing residue (Red Mud) amended with coarse fraction residue and gypsum [J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,2005,164:91-102.
[23] Courtney R G,Jordan S N,Harrington T.Physico-chemical changes in bauxite residue following application of spent mushroom compost and gypsum [J].Land Degradation Development,2009,20:572-581.
[24] Courtney R,Kirwan L.Gypsum amendment of alkaline bauxite residue:plant available aluminium and implications for grassland restoration [J].Ecological Engineering,2012,42:279-282.
[25] Johnston M,Clark M W,Mcmahon P,et al.Alkalinity conversion of bauxite refinery residues by neutralization [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,182:710-715.
[26] Clark M W,Johnston M,Reichelt-Brushett A J.Comparison of several different neutralisations to a bauxite refinery residue:Potential effectiveness environmental ameliorants [J].Applied Geochemistry,2015,56:1-10.
[27] 王意锟,金爱武,方升佐.浙西南毛竹林覆盖对土壤渗透性及生物特征的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(5):1 431-1 440.
[28] Courtney R G,Timpson J P.Nutrient status of vegetation grown in alkaline bauxite processing residue amended with gypsum and thermally dried sewage sludge:A two year field study [J].Plant Soil,2005,266(1/2):187-194.
[29] Kong X F,Jiang X X,Xue S G,et al.Migration and distribution of salinity in bauxite residue during water leaching [J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2018,28 (3):534-541.
[30] Kong X F,Guo Y,Xue S G,et al.Natural evolution of alkaline characteristics in bauxite residue [J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,143:224-230.
[31] M.Gr?fe,G.Power,C.Klauber.Bauxite residue issues:III.Alkalinity and associated chemistry[J].Hydrometallurgy,2011,108:60-79.
[32] Snars K,Gilkes R J.Evaluation of bauxite residues (red muds) of different origins for environmental applications [J].Applied Clay Science,2009,46:13-20.
[33] 程镜润,陈小华,刘振鸿,等.脱硫石膏改良滨海盐碱土的脱盐过程与效果实验研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1 505-1 513.
[34] Aksakal E L,Sari S,Angin I.Effects of vermicompost application on soil aggregation and certain physical properties[J].Land Degradation Development,2016,27:983-995.
[35] Palmer S J,Frost R L.Characterisation of bauxite and seawater neutralised bauxite residue using XRD and vibrational spectroscopic techniques [J].Journal of Materials Science,2009,44:55-63.
[36] Xue S,Li M,Jiang J,et al.Phosphogypsum stabilization of bauxite residue:Conversion of its alkaline characteristics[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2019,77:1-10.
[37] Lu Y,Lei J Q,Zeng F J,et al.Effect of NaCl-induced changes in growth,photosynthetic characteristics,water status and enzymatic antioxidant system of Calligonum caput-medusae,seedlings [J].Photosynthetica,2016,55(1):1-12.
[38] 薛生国,李玉冰,郭颖,等.氧化铝工业赤泥环境影响研究进展[J].中国科学院大学学报,2017,34(4):401-412.
[39] 韩福松,王成,薛生国,等.氧化铝赤泥堆场植物多样性[J].中国科学院大学学报,2017,34(5):551-557.
[2] Belviso C,Pascucci S,Cavalcante F,et al.Multi-technique application for waste material detection and soil remediation strategies:the red mud dust and fly ash case studies [J].Soil Contamination,2011,12:296-299.
[3] Xue S G,Kong X F,Zhu F,et al.Proposal for management and alkalinity transformation of bauxite residue in China [J].Environmental Science Pollution Research,2016,23(13):12 822-12 834.
[4] Zhu F,Li Y B,Xue S G,et al.Effects of iron-aluminium oxides and organic carbon on aggregate stability of bauxite residues [J].Environmental Science Pollution Research,2016,23(9):9 073-9 081.
[5] Zhu F,Liao J X,Xue S G,et al.Evaluation of aggregate microstructures following natural regeneration in bauxite residue as characterized by synchrotron based X-ray micro-computed tomography [J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,573:155-163.
[6] Liu X M,Zhang N,Sun H,et al.Structural investigation relating to the cementitious activity of bauxite residue:red mud [J].Cement and Concrete Research,2011,41(8):847-853.
[7] Zhu F,Huang N,Xue S G,et al.Effects of binding materials on microaggregate size distribution in bauxite residues [J].Environmental Science Pollution Research,2016,23:23 867-23 875.
[8] Wu C,Huang L,Xue S G,et al.Oxic and anoxic conditions affect arsenic (As) accumulation and arsenite transporter expression in rice [J].Chemosphere,2017,168:969-975.
[9] Xue S G,Shi LZ,Wu C,et al.Cadmium,lead,and arsenic contamination in paddy soils of a mining area and their exposure effects on human HEPG2 and keratinocyte cell-lines [J].Environmental Research,2017,156:23-30.
[10] Liu W C,Chen X Q,Li W X,et al.Environmental assessment,management and utilization of red mud in China [J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2014,84:606-610.
[11] 黄玲,李义伟,薛生国,等.氧化铝赤泥堆场盐分组成变化[J].中国有色金属学报,2016,26(11):2 433-2 439.
[12] Mavi M S,Marschner P,Chittleborough D J,et al.Salinity and sodicity affect soil respiration and dissolved organic matter dynamics differentially in soils varying in texture [J].Soil Biology Biochemistry,2012,45:8-13.
[13] Samal S,Ray A K,Bandopadhyay A,et al.Characterization and microstructure observation of sintered red mud-fly ash mixtures at various elevated temperature[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,101:368-376.
[14] Zhu F,Li X F,Xue S G,et al.Natural plant colonization improves the physical condition of bauxite residue over time [J].Environmental Science Pollution Research,2016,23(22):22 897-22 905.
[15] Vermue E,Metselaar K,S.E.A.T.M.van der Zee.Modelling of soil salinity and halophyte crop production [J].Environmental Experimental Botany,2013,92:186-196.
[16] Zhu F,Xue S G,Hartley W,et al.Novel predictors of soil genesis following natural weathering processes of bauxite residues[J].Environmental Science Pollution Research,2016,23(3):2 856-2 863.
[17] Zhu F,Hou J T,Xue S G,et al.Vermicompost and gypsum amendments improve aggregate formation in bauxite residue [J].Land Degradation Development,2017,27:2 109-2 120.
[18] Santini T C,Fey M V.Spontaneous vegetation encroachment upon bauxite residue (red mud) as an indicator and facilitator of In situ remediation processes [J].Environmental Science Technology,2013,47:12 089-12 096.
[19] 薛生国,李晓飞,孔祥峰,等.赤泥碱性调控研究进展[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(8):2 815-2 828.
[20] Kong X F,Li M,Xue S G,et al.Acid transformation of bauxite residue:Conversion of its alkaline characteristics [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,324:382-390.
[21] Courtney R,Harrington T,Byrne K A.Indicators of soil formation in restored bauxite residues[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,58:63-68.
[22] Courtney R G,Timpson J P.Reclamation of fine fraction bauxite processing residue (Red Mud) amended with coarse fraction residue and gypsum [J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,2005,164:91-102.
[23] Courtney R G,Jordan S N,Harrington T.Physico-chemical changes in bauxite residue following application of spent mushroom compost and gypsum [J].Land Degradation Development,2009,20:572-581.
[24] Courtney R,Kirwan L.Gypsum amendment of alkaline bauxite residue:plant available aluminium and implications for grassland restoration [J].Ecological Engineering,2012,42:279-282.
[25] Johnston M,Clark M W,Mcmahon P,et al.Alkalinity conversion of bauxite refinery residues by neutralization [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,182:710-715.
[26] Clark M W,Johnston M,Reichelt-Brushett A J.Comparison of several different neutralisations to a bauxite refinery residue:Potential effectiveness environmental ameliorants [J].Applied Geochemistry,2015,56:1-10.
[27] 王意锟,金爱武,方升佐.浙西南毛竹林覆盖对土壤渗透性及生物特征的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(5):1 431-1 440.
[28] Courtney R G,Timpson J P.Nutrient status of vegetation grown in alkaline bauxite processing residue amended with gypsum and thermally dried sewage sludge:A two year field study [J].Plant Soil,2005,266(1/2):187-194.
[29] Kong X F,Jiang X X,Xue S G,et al.Migration and distribution of salinity in bauxite residue during water leaching [J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2018,28 (3):534-541.
[30] Kong X F,Guo Y,Xue S G,et al.Natural evolution of alkaline characteristics in bauxite residue [J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,143:224-230.
[31] M.Gr?fe,G.Power,C.Klauber.Bauxite residue issues:III.Alkalinity and associated chemistry[J].Hydrometallurgy,2011,108:60-79.
[32] Snars K,Gilkes R J.Evaluation of bauxite residues (red muds) of different origins for environmental applications [J].Applied Clay Science,2009,46:13-20.
[33] 程镜润,陈小华,刘振鸿,等.脱硫石膏改良滨海盐碱土的脱盐过程与效果实验研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1 505-1 513.
[34] Aksakal E L,Sari S,Angin I.Effects of vermicompost application on soil aggregation and certain physical properties[J].Land Degradation Development,2016,27:983-995.
[35] Palmer S J,Frost R L.Characterisation of bauxite and seawater neutralised bauxite residue using XRD and vibrational spectroscopic techniques [J].Journal of Materials Science,2009,44:55-63.
[36] Xue S,Li M,Jiang J,et al.Phosphogypsum stabilization of bauxite residue:Conversion of its alkaline characteristics[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2019,77:1-10.
[37] Lu Y,Lei J Q,Zeng F J,et al.Effect of NaCl-induced changes in growth,photosynthetic characteristics,water status and enzymatic antioxidant system of Calligonum caput-medusae,seedlings [J].Photosynthetica,2016,55(1):1-12.
[38] 薛生国,李玉冰,郭颖,等.氧化铝工业赤泥环境影响研究进展[J].中国科学院大学学报,2017,34(4):401-412.
[39] 韩福松,王成,薛生国,等.氧化铝赤泥堆场植物多样性[J].中国科学院大学学报,2017,34(5):551-557.
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