基于能值拓展的流域生态外溢价值补偿研究——以渭河流域上游为例
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摘要
流域上、下游间环境保护成本和收益的区域错配问题严重影响我国流域整体发展的公平与效率,下游地区对上游地区给予适当的经济补偿已成为解决流域区域间经济发展失衡、实现流域水资源可持续发展的重要手段。文章首先构建基于能值拓展的流域生态外溢价值计量模型,从能量投入和能级转化的角度,以能值的形式反映流域客观存在的社会、经济和生态的功能服务价值,利用能值分析法测算流域生态系统服务能值与水足迹法确定流域自身消费的生态能值,通过比较流域生态系统服务能值和流域生态能值自身消费情况,判断流域的生态盈亏状态,并进一步利用能值-货币比率将生态外溢能值转化为生态外溢价值,得到相对客观和稳健的补偿标准。然后以渭河流域上游为例,测算得到2013年渭河流域上游的生态外溢能值为1.16×1022sej,可知流域上游在扣除自身消费的生态能值后还为流域下游提供生态服务,处于生态盈余的状态。为激励上游地区加大流域生态环境保护力度,同时也为实现区域发展的公平与效率和流域水资源的可持续发展,下游地区应对上游地区支付水资源生态环境补偿,根据能值-货币比率得到上游应获得16.31亿元的补偿金额,并根据水资源可利用量进一步分配,得到定西市和天水市应分别获得7.50亿元和8.81亿元的补偿金额。基于该研究结果,建议通过扩大对流域上游地区的转移支付、完善水资源市场构建、健全流域生态补偿立法等政策提高上游地方政府的生态保护努力水平,优化水资源配置,实现流域整体的可持续发展。
The regional mismatch of environmental protection costs and benefits between the watershed upstream and downstream seriously affected the fairness and efficiency of the watershed overall development. Giving upstream appropriate financial compensation by downstream became an important way to solve inter-basin regional economic development imbalance and to achieve watershed sustainable development. Firstly,the paper built watershed spillover ecological value model based on expansion emergy,used emergy to reflect the social,economic and ecological function service value of watershed from the perspective of energy investment and energy level conversion,estimated watershed ecosystem service emergy by using emergy analysis method,and calculated the eco-emergy of watershed's own consumption by using water footprint method. It determined ecological profit and loss status by comparing watershed ecological system service emergy and emergy consumption itself,and transferred the spillover ecological emergy to spillover ecological value by further using the emergy-value ratio,thus obtaining a relatively objective and robust compensation standard. Then,taking Weihe watershed upstream as an example,it estimated that the spillover ecological emergy of Weihe watershed upstream was 1. 16 ×1022sej in 2013,and it showed that watershed upstream provided ecological services for watershed downstream after deducting the ecological emergy of its own consumption,which was in a state of ecological surplus. In order to encourage the upstream areas to make more environmental protection efforts,and to achieve the fairness and efficiency of regional development and sustainable development of watershed water resources,downstream areas should pay water ecological compensation to upstream areas,and upstream should receive compensation of 1. 631 billion yuan according to emergy-value ratio; compensations were further distributed according to the amount of available water resources. Dingxi and Tianshui should receive compensation 750 million yuan and 881 million yuan. Based on the results,it suggested that raising ecological protection effort level of upstream governments,optimizing water resources allocation and achieving the sustainable development of the whole watershed should be realized through increasing transfer payments for upstream areas,perfecting water resource market construction and improving watershed ecological compensation legislation.
The regional mismatch of environmental protection costs and benefits between the watershed upstream and downstream seriously affected the fairness and efficiency of the watershed overall development. Giving upstream appropriate financial compensation by downstream became an important way to solve inter-basin regional economic development imbalance and to achieve watershed sustainable development. Firstly,the paper built watershed spillover ecological value model based on expansion emergy,used emergy to reflect the social,economic and ecological function service value of watershed from the perspective of energy investment and energy level conversion,estimated watershed ecosystem service emergy by using emergy analysis method,and calculated the eco-emergy of watershed's own consumption by using water footprint method. It determined ecological profit and loss status by comparing watershed ecological system service emergy and emergy consumption itself,and transferred the spillover ecological emergy to spillover ecological value by further using the emergy-value ratio,thus obtaining a relatively objective and robust compensation standard. Then,taking Weihe watershed upstream as an example,it estimated that the spillover ecological emergy of Weihe watershed upstream was 1. 16 ×1022sej in 2013,and it showed that watershed upstream provided ecological services for watershed downstream after deducting the ecological emergy of its own consumption,which was in a state of ecological surplus. In order to encourage the upstream areas to make more environmental protection efforts,and to achieve the fairness and efficiency of regional development and sustainable development of watershed water resources,downstream areas should pay water ecological compensation to upstream areas,and upstream should receive compensation of 1. 631 billion yuan according to emergy-value ratio; compensations were further distributed according to the amount of available water resources. Dingxi and Tianshui should receive compensation 750 million yuan and 881 million yuan. Based on the results,it suggested that raising ecological protection effort level of upstream governments,optimizing water resources allocation and achieving the sustainable development of the whole watershed should be realized through increasing transfer payments for upstream areas,perfecting water resource market construction and improving watershed ecological compensation legislation.
引文
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[2]KERSIN K Z,ANNA S.An economic assessment of the value of tropical river ecosystem services heterogeneous preferences among aboriginal and non-aboriginal Australians[J].Ecological economics,2010,69:2417-2426.
[3]IBRAHIM N A.Using econometric analysis of willingness-to-pay to investigate economic efficiency and equity of domestic water services in the West Bank[J].The journal of socio-economics,2012,41:485-494.
[4]魏楚,沈满洪.基于污染权角度的流域生态补偿模型及应用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(6):135-141.[WEI Chu,SHEN Manhong.An econometric-based model of basin ecological compensation and application from the perspective of pollution rights[J].China population,resources and environment,2011,21(6):135-141.]
[5]常亮,徐大伟,侯铁珊,等.流域生态补偿中的水资源准市场交易机制研究[J].工业技术经济,2012,230(12):52-59.[CHANG Liang,XU Dawei,HOU Tieshan,et al.Study on water resources quasi-market trading mechanism of river basin ecological compensation[J].Journal of industrial technological economics,2012,230(12):52-59.]
[6]李国平,王奕淇,张文彬.南水北调中线工程生态补偿标准研究[J].资源科学,2015,37(10):1902-1911.[LI Guoping,WANG Yiqi,ZHANG Wenbin.Study on south-to-north water transfer middle route project ecological compensation standard[J].Resources science,2015,37(10):1902-1911.]
[7]伏润民,缪小林.中国生态功能区财政转移支付制度体系重构——基于拓展的能值模型衡量的生态外溢价值[J].经济研究,2015,(3):47-61.[FU Runmin,MIAO Xiaolin.A new financial transfer payment system in ecological function areas in China:based on the spillover ecological value measured by the expansion emergy analysis[J].Economic research journal,2015,(3):47-61.]
[8]COSTANZA R,D’ARGE R,DE GROOT R,et al.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997(387):253-260.
[9]李文华.生态系统服务功能价值评估的理论、方法与应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008:50-62.[LI Wenhua.Theory,method and application of ecological system service value assessment[M].Beijing:Renmin University of China Press,2008:50-62.]
[10]肖强,肖洋,欧阳志云,等.重庆市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].生态学报,2014,34(1):216-223.[XIAO Qiang,XIAO Yang,OUYANG Zhiyun,et al.Value assessment of the function of the forest ecosystem services in Chongqing[J].Acta ecologica sinica,2014,34(1):216-223.]
[11]杨怀宇,李晟,杨正勇.池塘养殖生态系统服务价值评估——以上海市青浦区常规鱼类养殖为例[J].资源科学,2011,33(3):575-581.[YANG Huaiyu,LI Sheng,YANG Zhengyong.Valuation of pond aquaculture ecosystem services:a case study of common fish aquaculture in Qingpu,Shanghai[J].Resources science,2011,33(3):575-581.]
[12]俞玥,何秉宇.基于CVM的新疆天池湿地生态系统服务功能非使用价值评估[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(12):53-58.[YU Yue,HE Binyu.Estimation of the non-tratable value of Xinjiang Tianchi wetland ecosystem service function based on the CVM[J].Journal of arid land resources and environment,2012,26(12):53-58.]
[13]Odum H T.Environmental accounting:emergy and environmental decision making[M].New York:John Wiley,1996:192-206.
[14]刘淼,胡远满,常禹,等.基于能值理论的生态足迹方法改进[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(3):447-457.[LIU Miao,HU Yuanman,CHANG Yu,et al.Modification of ecological footprint assessment based on emergy[J].Journal of natural resources,2008,23(3):447-457.]
[15]席宏正,康文星.洞庭湖湿地资源能值—货币价值评价与分析[J].水利经济,2008,26(6):37-40,44.[XI Hongzheng,KANG Wenxing.Evaluation and analysis of emergy-emdollar value for wetland resources of Dongting Lake[J].Journal of economics of water resources,2008,26(6):37-40.]
[16]李丽锋,惠淑荣,宋红丽,等.盘锦双台河口湿地生态系统服务功能能值价值评价[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(8):1454-1458.[LI Lifeng,HUI Shurong,SONG Hongli,et al.Evaluation of the services provided by the Shuangtai Estuary Wetland in Panjin based on emergy theory[J].China environmental science,2013,33(8):1454-1458.]
[17]蓝盛芳,钦佩,陆宏芳.生态经济系统能值分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002:404-410.[LAN Shengfang,QIN Pei,LU Hongfang.Emergy analysis of economics ecosystems[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2002:404-410.]
[18]HOEKSTRA A Y.Virtual water trade:proceedings of the international expert meeting on virtual water trade(No.12)[C].Delft:IHE,2003:13-23.
[19]ALLAN J A.Virtual water:a long term solution for water short middle eastern economies[D].London:University of Leeds,1997.
[20]ALLAN J A.Fortunately there are substitutes for water:otherwise our hydropolitical futures would be impossible[R].Londa:ODA,1993:12-26.
[21]GLEICK P H.The world’s water 2000-2001[M].Washington DC:Island Press,2000.
[22]马骏,王薇薇.基于水足迹的大樟溪流域生态补偿研究[J].水利经济,2015,33(3):28-31.[MA Jun,WANG Weiwei.Ecological compensation of Dazhangxi Watershed based on water footprints[J].Journal of economics of water resources,2015,33(3):28-31.]
[23]龙爱华,徐中民,张志强,等.甘肃省2000年水资源足迹的初步估算[J].资源科学,2005,27(3):123-129.[LONG Aihua,XU Zhongmin,ZHANG Zhiqiang,et al.Primary estimation of water footprint of Gansu Province in 2000[J].Resources science,2005,27(3):123-129.]
[24]邵帅.基于水足迹模型的水资源补偿策略研究[J].科技进步与对策,2013,30(14):116-119.[SHAO Shuai.A Study of water resources compensation strategy based on water footprint model[J].Science&technology progress and policy,2013,30(14):116-119.]
[25]董晓佳.定西市农业生态经济系统能值分析[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2014.[DONG Xiaojia.Study on emergy analysis of Dingxi agriculture eco-economic systems[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2014.]
(1)拓展的能值模型包括生态系统服务能值模型和生态能值自身消费模型。
(2)能值-货币比率表示单位货币相当的能量值,由一个地区的年能值利用量除以当年的GDP而得。
[2]KERSIN K Z,ANNA S.An economic assessment of the value of tropical river ecosystem services heterogeneous preferences among aboriginal and non-aboriginal Australians[J].Ecological economics,2010,69:2417-2426.
[3]IBRAHIM N A.Using econometric analysis of willingness-to-pay to investigate economic efficiency and equity of domestic water services in the West Bank[J].The journal of socio-economics,2012,41:485-494.
[4]魏楚,沈满洪.基于污染权角度的流域生态补偿模型及应用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(6):135-141.[WEI Chu,SHEN Manhong.An econometric-based model of basin ecological compensation and application from the perspective of pollution rights[J].China population,resources and environment,2011,21(6):135-141.]
[5]常亮,徐大伟,侯铁珊,等.流域生态补偿中的水资源准市场交易机制研究[J].工业技术经济,2012,230(12):52-59.[CHANG Liang,XU Dawei,HOU Tieshan,et al.Study on water resources quasi-market trading mechanism of river basin ecological compensation[J].Journal of industrial technological economics,2012,230(12):52-59.]
[6]李国平,王奕淇,张文彬.南水北调中线工程生态补偿标准研究[J].资源科学,2015,37(10):1902-1911.[LI Guoping,WANG Yiqi,ZHANG Wenbin.Study on south-to-north water transfer middle route project ecological compensation standard[J].Resources science,2015,37(10):1902-1911.]
[7]伏润民,缪小林.中国生态功能区财政转移支付制度体系重构——基于拓展的能值模型衡量的生态外溢价值[J].经济研究,2015,(3):47-61.[FU Runmin,MIAO Xiaolin.A new financial transfer payment system in ecological function areas in China:based on the spillover ecological value measured by the expansion emergy analysis[J].Economic research journal,2015,(3):47-61.]
[8]COSTANZA R,D’ARGE R,DE GROOT R,et al.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997(387):253-260.
[9]李文华.生态系统服务功能价值评估的理论、方法与应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008:50-62.[LI Wenhua.Theory,method and application of ecological system service value assessment[M].Beijing:Renmin University of China Press,2008:50-62.]
[10]肖强,肖洋,欧阳志云,等.重庆市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].生态学报,2014,34(1):216-223.[XIAO Qiang,XIAO Yang,OUYANG Zhiyun,et al.Value assessment of the function of the forest ecosystem services in Chongqing[J].Acta ecologica sinica,2014,34(1):216-223.]
[11]杨怀宇,李晟,杨正勇.池塘养殖生态系统服务价值评估——以上海市青浦区常规鱼类养殖为例[J].资源科学,2011,33(3):575-581.[YANG Huaiyu,LI Sheng,YANG Zhengyong.Valuation of pond aquaculture ecosystem services:a case study of common fish aquaculture in Qingpu,Shanghai[J].Resources science,2011,33(3):575-581.]
[12]俞玥,何秉宇.基于CVM的新疆天池湿地生态系统服务功能非使用价值评估[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(12):53-58.[YU Yue,HE Binyu.Estimation of the non-tratable value of Xinjiang Tianchi wetland ecosystem service function based on the CVM[J].Journal of arid land resources and environment,2012,26(12):53-58.]
[13]Odum H T.Environmental accounting:emergy and environmental decision making[M].New York:John Wiley,1996:192-206.
[14]刘淼,胡远满,常禹,等.基于能值理论的生态足迹方法改进[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(3):447-457.[LIU Miao,HU Yuanman,CHANG Yu,et al.Modification of ecological footprint assessment based on emergy[J].Journal of natural resources,2008,23(3):447-457.]
[15]席宏正,康文星.洞庭湖湿地资源能值—货币价值评价与分析[J].水利经济,2008,26(6):37-40,44.[XI Hongzheng,KANG Wenxing.Evaluation and analysis of emergy-emdollar value for wetland resources of Dongting Lake[J].Journal of economics of water resources,2008,26(6):37-40.]
[16]李丽锋,惠淑荣,宋红丽,等.盘锦双台河口湿地生态系统服务功能能值价值评价[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(8):1454-1458.[LI Lifeng,HUI Shurong,SONG Hongli,et al.Evaluation of the services provided by the Shuangtai Estuary Wetland in Panjin based on emergy theory[J].China environmental science,2013,33(8):1454-1458.]
[17]蓝盛芳,钦佩,陆宏芳.生态经济系统能值分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002:404-410.[LAN Shengfang,QIN Pei,LU Hongfang.Emergy analysis of economics ecosystems[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2002:404-410.]
[18]HOEKSTRA A Y.Virtual water trade:proceedings of the international expert meeting on virtual water trade(No.12)[C].Delft:IHE,2003:13-23.
[19]ALLAN J A.Virtual water:a long term solution for water short middle eastern economies[D].London:University of Leeds,1997.
[20]ALLAN J A.Fortunately there are substitutes for water:otherwise our hydropolitical futures would be impossible[R].Londa:ODA,1993:12-26.
[21]GLEICK P H.The world’s water 2000-2001[M].Washington DC:Island Press,2000.
[22]马骏,王薇薇.基于水足迹的大樟溪流域生态补偿研究[J].水利经济,2015,33(3):28-31.[MA Jun,WANG Weiwei.Ecological compensation of Dazhangxi Watershed based on water footprints[J].Journal of economics of water resources,2015,33(3):28-31.]
[23]龙爱华,徐中民,张志强,等.甘肃省2000年水资源足迹的初步估算[J].资源科学,2005,27(3):123-129.[LONG Aihua,XU Zhongmin,ZHANG Zhiqiang,et al.Primary estimation of water footprint of Gansu Province in 2000[J].Resources science,2005,27(3):123-129.]
[24]邵帅.基于水足迹模型的水资源补偿策略研究[J].科技进步与对策,2013,30(14):116-119.[SHAO Shuai.A Study of water resources compensation strategy based on water footprint model[J].Science&technology progress and policy,2013,30(14):116-119.]
[25]董晓佳.定西市农业生态经济系统能值分析[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2014.[DONG Xiaojia.Study on emergy analysis of Dingxi agriculture eco-economic systems[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2014.]
(1)拓展的能值模型包括生态系统服务能值模型和生态能值自身消费模型。
(2)能值-货币比率表示单位货币相当的能量值,由一个地区的年能值利用量除以当年的GDP而得。
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