海南岛清澜-八门湾潟湖潮汐水动力的模拟研究
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摘要
基于DELFT3D模型研究了清澜-八门湾潟湖的水位分布和潮汐波内部结构,以及由于人类开垦引起的海岸线变化(以1962年、1985年和2008年为例)对潟湖水动力特性的影响。结果表明,清澜-八门湾潟湖潮汐是由多种分潮耦合而成的复杂驻波,其中K_1,O_1,M_2,S_2和M_4分潮的影响最大。由湾外向湾内传输,由于湾内红树林和浅滩引起的底部损耗增加,M_2,S_2,K_1和O_1分潮幅值减弱;M_4分潮幅值增强,表现出明显的浅水增幅效应;M_2和S_2分潮相位在文教河和文昌江领域表现出明显的干湿效应。不同年代海岸线的研究表明,1985年和2008年间,人类复垦导致潟湖及其潮汐汊道附近的红树林和滩涂区域严重破坏,海岸线缩减,引发了水位降低、纳潮量减少和潟湖潮汐汊道底摩擦弱化,从而削弱了干湿、潮呛和浅水效应。后果提示持续的人类复垦活动将会引发清澜-八门湾潮汐水动力环境的进一步恶化,可能导致未来发生更大的自然灾害。
Here the tidal dynamics of the Qinglan-Eight Gate Bay are simulated using a two-dimensional flow model of DELFT3 D.The water-level distribution and the structure of tidal wave,as well as impacts of the human reclamation(taking the coastline changes of lagoon in 1962,1985 and 2008 as examples),are studied.The results show that the tide of the Qinglan-Eight Gate Bay is a complex standing wave,consisting of various tidal components among which the K_1,O_1,M_2,S_2 and M_4 tides are dominant.During the process of the tidal transmission from outside to inside,the K_1,O_1,M_2 and S_2 amplitudes gradually decreases due to increase of the bottom dissipation caused by the mangrove and shoal,exhibiting the obvious tidal choking effect; in contrast,the M_4 amplitude decreases,indicating the obvious shoaling effect.The M_2 and S_2 phases show the minimal or maximal values in area of Wenjiao and Wenchang rivers,indicating occurrence of the wetting-drying effect.It is also shown that due to the human reclamation caused mainly by the removal of mangroves and tidal flats,the hydrodynamics in Qinglan-eight gate Bay has deteriorated,exhibited by reduction of the tidal volume and bottom friction,as well as weakening of the wetting-drying,tidal choking and the shoaling effect.More importantly,our finding indicates that the sustained activities of human reclamation will lead to further deterioration of tidal hydrodynamic environment in the QingLan-eight gate Bay,resulting in the great natural disaster in the future.
Here the tidal dynamics of the Qinglan-Eight Gate Bay are simulated using a two-dimensional flow model of DELFT3 D.The water-level distribution and the structure of tidal wave,as well as impacts of the human reclamation(taking the coastline changes of lagoon in 1962,1985 and 2008 as examples),are studied.The results show that the tide of the Qinglan-Eight Gate Bay is a complex standing wave,consisting of various tidal components among which the K_1,O_1,M_2,S_2 and M_4 tides are dominant.During the process of the tidal transmission from outside to inside,the K_1,O_1,M_2 and S_2 amplitudes gradually decreases due to increase of the bottom dissipation caused by the mangrove and shoal,exhibiting the obvious tidal choking effect; in contrast,the M_4 amplitude decreases,indicating the obvious shoaling effect.The M_2 and S_2 phases show the minimal or maximal values in area of Wenjiao and Wenchang rivers,indicating occurrence of the wetting-drying effect.It is also shown that due to the human reclamation caused mainly by the removal of mangroves and tidal flats,the hydrodynamics in Qinglan-eight gate Bay has deteriorated,exhibited by reduction of the tidal volume and bottom friction,as well as weakening of the wetting-drying,tidal choking and the shoaling effect.More importantly,our finding indicates that the sustained activities of human reclamation will lead to further deterioration of tidal hydrodynamic environment in the QingLan-eight gate Bay,resulting in the great natural disaster in the future.
引文
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[2] Lugo A E,Snedaker S C.The ecology of mangroves[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1974,5(1):39-64.
[3] Duke N C,Meynecke J O,Dittmann S,et al.A world without mangroves?[J].Science,2007,317(5834):41-42.
[4] 王道儒,温晶,龚文平,等.非结构网络三维斜压模型研究人类活动对海南岛清澜潮汐汊道水动力影响[J].海洋工程,2011,29(1):53-60.WANG Dao -ru,WEN Jing,GONG Wen-ping,et al.Impact of human activities on hydrodynamics of Qinglan tidal inlet system using three -dimensional baroclinic model SELFE with unstructured grid [J].The Ocean Engineering,2011,29(1):53-60.(in Chinese))
[5] 陈沈良,王宝灿,李兴华.海南清澜潮汐通道的综合治理与航道的合理开发[J].南海研究与开发,1999(1):50-53.(CHEN Shen-liang,WANG Bao -can,LI Xing-hua.Comprehensive control of Qinglan tidal inlet and reasonable development of channel in Hainan[J].Naihai Yanjiu Yu Kaifa,1999(1):50-53.(in Chinese))
[6] Li L,Wang X H,Williams D,et al.Numerical study of the effects of mangrove areas and tidal flats on tides:A case study of Darwin Harbour,Australia[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2012,117(C6).
[7] Song D H,Wang X H,Zhu X M,et al.Modeling studies of the far-field effects of tidal flat reclamation on tidal dynamics in the East China Seas[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2013,133:147-160.
[8] Gao G D,Wang X H,Bao X W.Land reclamation and its impact on tidal dynamics in Jiaozhou Bay,Qing-dao,China[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2014,151:285-294.
[9] Suh S W,Lee H Y,Kim H J.Spatio-temporal variability of tidal asymmetry due to multiple coastal constructions along the west coast of Korea[J].Estua -rine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2014,151:336-346.
[10] Temmerman S,Meire P,Bouma T J,et al.Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change[J].Nature,2013,504(7478):79-83.
[11] Kirwan M L,Megonigal J P.Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and Sea-level rise[J].Nature,2013,504(7478):53-60.
[12] 胡志远.清澜港围滩工程前后潮流场的数值模拟[J].海洋通报,1999,18(2):29-39.(HU Zhi-yuan.Numerical computation of tides and tidal currents before and after the engineering project in the Qinlan harbor[J].Marine Science Bulletin,1999,18(2):29-39.(in Chinese))
[13] Ye L F.A typical estuary consisting of a tidal inlet and lagoon system and its engineering significance[J].Estuaries,1988,11(4):250-254.
[14] Gehrels W R,Belknap D F,Pearce B R,et al.Modeling the contribution of M2 tidal amplification to the Holocene rise of mean high water in the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy[J].Marine Geology,1995,124(1-4):71-85.
[15] Lesser G R,Roelvink J A,van Kester J A T M,et al.Development and validation of a three -dimensional morphdogical model[J].Coastal Engineering,2004,51(8-9):883-915.
[16] 王道儒,龚文平.用ELCIRC模型研究海南岛东部的潮波特征[R].海南省海洋开发规划设计研究院,2005.(WANG Dao -ru,GONG Wen-ping.Study on Tidal Wave Characteristics in Eastern Hainan Island by ELCIRC Model[R].Hainan Institute of Marine Development Planning and Design,2005.(in Chinese))
[17] Cronin K M,Devoy R J N,Gault J.The value of different modelling approaches to investigate estuarine morphodynamics[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2009:932-936.
[18] Flinchem E P,Jay D A.An introduction to wavelet transform tidal analysis methods[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2000,51(2),177-200.
[19] 童章龙.潮汐调和分析的方法和应用研究[D].河海大学,2007.(TONG Zhang-long.Investigation on Methods and Application for the Harmonic Analysis of Tides[D].Hohai University,2007.(in Chinese))
[20] Hsiao S V,Shemdin O H.Bottom dissipation in finite-depth water waves[A].16t h International Conference on Coastal Engineering[C].1978.
[21] Greenberg D A,Shore J A,Page F H,et al.A finite element circulation model for embayments with drying intertidal areas and its application to the Quoddy region of the Bay of Fundy[J].Ocean Modelling,2005,10(1-2),211-231.