源自弦景观的有效Quintessence
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摘要
最近V_(afa)等人提出了两个弦沼泽地的判据,并且在研究宇宙学中两个弦沼泽地判据所施加的约束条件时,发现暴胀模型通常与这两个判据很难相容.将这两个判据应用于当前时期宇宙的加速膨胀时,发现特定的quintessence模型可以满足这些限制,同时满足根据当前观测所施加的约束.基于大尺度洛伦兹破缺的宇宙学模型,我们得到了修正的Friedmann方程,在计算的过程中给出了三种可行的近似,并定义了一个有效的真空能量密度Λ_(eff),其行为对于弦景观表现为单调下降的类quintessence势能,对于大部分具有裸的正真空能量密度的沼泽地,有效宇宙学常数随时间的演化会出现局域极小.将光度距离的计算结果与天文观测值做对比,我们得到负宇宙学常数也可以使宇宙产生加速膨胀,因而用亚稳的de Sitter真空来解释宇宙后期的加速膨胀是不必要的,沼泽地猜想所导致的沼泽地模型与后期宇宙加速膨胀不相容性的困难也就不存在了.
ΛCDM Recently, Vafa et al. proposed two string swampland criteria, and studying the constraints imposed by the two string swampland criteria on cosmology, they found that the inflationary models are generally difficult to be compatible with these two criteria. Applying these two criteria to the accelerated expansion of the universe during the current period, it was found that the specific quintessence model can satisfy these constraints while satisfying the constraints imposed by the current observations. Applying the gravitational theory of large scale Lorentz violation to cosmology, the vacuum energy density is not the only cause of the accelerated expansion of the universe. The large scale Lorentz violation combined with the cosmological constant term results in the observed accelerated expansion of the late universe. The vacuum energy density is a bit like a naked cosmological constant. The equivalent energy density considering the large scale Lorentz violation effect is the effective cosmological constant that determines the evolution of the universe. In this way, we find that the negative cosmological constant in the string landscape can also accelerate the expansion of the universe, and compared with the model, it leads to a cosmological constant as an effective vacuum energy density.Effective vacuum energy density behaves as a monotonically decreasing quintessence potential energy for the string landscape, for most of the naked positive vacuum energy densities in the swampland, the evolution of effective cosmological constant with time will show a local minimum. Comparing the calculated results of the distance modulus withthe astronomical observations, we can obtain that a negative cosmological constant also accelerates the expansion of the universe. Thus, the vacuum energy density derived from the string landscape will give quintessence potential that satisfies the swampland criterion, while the evolution of vacuum energy density given by the swampland model of the metastable dS vacuum is not quintessence potential, so it cannot satisfy the second de Sitter criterion. Therefore, the effective potential leading to the accelerated expansion of the late universe can only come from the string landscape, which is naturally UV completion. Therefore, it gives that the accelerated expansion of the late universe is the feature of early quantum gravity. It is not necessary to use the metastable de Sitter vacuum to explain the accelerated expansion of the late universe. The difficulty of incompatibility between the swampland model and the accelerated expansion of the late universe caused by the swampland conjecture will be eliminated.
ΛCDM Recently, Vafa et al. proposed two string swampland criteria, and studying the constraints imposed by the two string swampland criteria on cosmology, they found that the inflationary models are generally difficult to be compatible with these two criteria. Applying these two criteria to the accelerated expansion of the universe during the current period, it was found that the specific quintessence model can satisfy these constraints while satisfying the constraints imposed by the current observations. Applying the gravitational theory of large scale Lorentz violation to cosmology, the vacuum energy density is not the only cause of the accelerated expansion of the universe. The large scale Lorentz violation combined with the cosmological constant term results in the observed accelerated expansion of the late universe. The vacuum energy density is a bit like a naked cosmological constant. The equivalent energy density considering the large scale Lorentz violation effect is the effective cosmological constant that determines the evolution of the universe. In this way, we find that the negative cosmological constant in the string landscape can also accelerate the expansion of the universe, and compared with the model, it leads to a cosmological constant as an effective vacuum energy density.Effective vacuum energy density behaves as a monotonically decreasing quintessence potential energy for the string landscape, for most of the naked positive vacuum energy densities in the swampland, the evolution of effective cosmological constant with time will show a local minimum. Comparing the calculated results of the distance modulus withthe astronomical observations, we can obtain that a negative cosmological constant also accelerates the expansion of the universe. Thus, the vacuum energy density derived from the string landscape will give quintessence potential that satisfies the swampland criterion, while the evolution of vacuum energy density given by the swampland model of the metastable dS vacuum is not quintessence potential, so it cannot satisfy the second de Sitter criterion. Therefore, the effective potential leading to the accelerated expansion of the late universe can only come from the string landscape, which is naturally UV completion. Therefore, it gives that the accelerated expansion of the late universe is the feature of early quantum gravity. It is not necessary to use the metastable de Sitter vacuum to explain the accelerated expansion of the late universe. The difficulty of incompatibility between the swampland model and the accelerated expansion of the late universe caused by the swampland conjecture will be eliminated.
引文
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[2]Douglas M R 2002 Unity from Duality:Gravity, Gauge Theory and Strings(Berlin:Springer-Verlag)pp455–475
[3] Susskind L 2003 arXiv:hep-th/0302219[hep-th]
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[5] Ooguri H, Vafa C 2007 Nucl. Phys. B 766 21
[6]Agrawal P, Obied G, Steinhardt P, Vafa C 2018 Phys. Lett.B 784 271
[7]Obied G, Ooguri H, Spodyneiko L, Vafa C 2018 arXiv:1806.08362[hep-th]
[8]Brennan T D, Carta F, Vafa C 2017 arXiv:1711.00864[hepth]
[9]Kachru S, Kallosh R, Linde A, Trivedi S P 2003 Phys. Rev. D68 046005
[10] Coleman S R, Glashow S L 1999 Phys. Rev. D 59 116008
[11] Colladay D, Kostelecky V A 1998 Phys. Rev. D 58 116002
[12] Shen J Y, Xue X 2018 arXiv:1802.03502[gr-qc]
[13]Wu Y W, Xue X, Yang L X, Yuan T 2016 Chin. Sci. Bull. 101360
[14]Wu Y W, Xue X, Yang L X, Yuan T 2015 arXiv:1510.00814v3[gr-qc]
[15]Wei W Y, Shen J Y, Wu Y W, Yang L X, Xue X, Yuan T C2017 Acta. Phys. Sin. 66 130301(in Chinese)[魏文叶,申佳音,吴奕暐,杨礼想,薛迅,阮自强2017物理学报66 130301]
[16] Yang L X, Wu Y W, Wei W Y, Xue X, Yuan T C 2017 Chin.Sci. Bull. 62 944(in Chinese)[杨礼想,吴奕暐,魏文叶,薛迅,阮自强2017科学通报62 944]
[17] Wu Y W, Xue X 2016 J. East China Normal Univ. 3 76
[18]Castelvecchi D, Witze A https://www.nature.com/news/einstein-s-gravitational-wavesfound-at-last-1.19361[2019-3-15]
[19] Abbott B P 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 061102
[20]Svitil K, Allen K, Kupec I, Ricci F, Milde S https://phys.org/news/2016-02-gravitational-years-einstein.html[2019-4-23]
[21] Deser S, Woodard R P 2019 arXiv:1902.08075[gr-qc]
[22]Rajvanshi M P, Chakraborty T, Bagla J S 2018 arXiv:1803.04267[physics.pop-ph]
[23]Cai R G, Khimphun S, Lee B H, Sun S, Tumurtushaa G,Zhang Y L 2018 arXiv:1812.11105[hep-th]
[24]Dimopoulos K, Markkanen T 2018 arXiv:1807.04359[astroph.CO]
[25]Glavan D, Prokopec T, Starobinsky A A 2018 Eur. Phys. J.C 78 371
[26] Dinda B R 2019 arXiv:1904.10418[astro-ph.CO]
[27]Dimakis N, Paliathanasis A, Terzis P A, Christodoulakis T2019 arXiv:1904.09713[gr-qc]
[28]Johnson J P, Shankaranarayanan S 2019 arXiv:1904.07608[astro-ph.CO]
[29]Rani S, Jawad A, Bamba K, Malik I U 2019 arXiv:1904.04633[physics.gen-ph]
[30]Li X L, Shafieloo A, Sahni V, Starobinsky A A 2019 arXiv:1904.03790[astro-ph.CO]
[31] Zhang H C, Xu L X 2019 arXiv:1904.03545[gr-qc]
[32] Nielsen J T, Guffanti A, Sarkar S 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 219
[33] Lukierski J, Nowicki A 2003 Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 18 7
[2]Douglas M R 2002 Unity from Duality:Gravity, Gauge Theory and Strings(Berlin:Springer-Verlag)pp455–475
[3] Susskind L 2003 arXiv:hep-th/0302219[hep-th]
[4] Vafa C 2005 arXiv:hep-th/0509212[hep-th]
[5] Ooguri H, Vafa C 2007 Nucl. Phys. B 766 21
[6]Agrawal P, Obied G, Steinhardt P, Vafa C 2018 Phys. Lett.B 784 271
[7]Obied G, Ooguri H, Spodyneiko L, Vafa C 2018 arXiv:1806.08362[hep-th]
[8]Brennan T D, Carta F, Vafa C 2017 arXiv:1711.00864[hepth]
[9]Kachru S, Kallosh R, Linde A, Trivedi S P 2003 Phys. Rev. D68 046005
[10] Coleman S R, Glashow S L 1999 Phys. Rev. D 59 116008
[11] Colladay D, Kostelecky V A 1998 Phys. Rev. D 58 116002
[12] Shen J Y, Xue X 2018 arXiv:1802.03502[gr-qc]
[13]Wu Y W, Xue X, Yang L X, Yuan T 2016 Chin. Sci. Bull. 101360
[14]Wu Y W, Xue X, Yang L X, Yuan T 2015 arXiv:1510.00814v3[gr-qc]
[15]Wei W Y, Shen J Y, Wu Y W, Yang L X, Xue X, Yuan T C2017 Acta. Phys. Sin. 66 130301(in Chinese)[魏文叶,申佳音,吴奕暐,杨礼想,薛迅,阮自强2017物理学报66 130301]
[16] Yang L X, Wu Y W, Wei W Y, Xue X, Yuan T C 2017 Chin.Sci. Bull. 62 944(in Chinese)[杨礼想,吴奕暐,魏文叶,薛迅,阮自强2017科学通报62 944]
[17] Wu Y W, Xue X 2016 J. East China Normal Univ. 3 76
[18]Castelvecchi D, Witze A https://www.nature.com/news/einstein-s-gravitational-wavesfound-at-last-1.19361[2019-3-15]
[19] Abbott B P 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 061102
[20]Svitil K, Allen K, Kupec I, Ricci F, Milde S https://phys.org/news/2016-02-gravitational-years-einstein.html[2019-4-23]
[21] Deser S, Woodard R P 2019 arXiv:1902.08075[gr-qc]
[22]Rajvanshi M P, Chakraborty T, Bagla J S 2018 arXiv:1803.04267[physics.pop-ph]
[23]Cai R G, Khimphun S, Lee B H, Sun S, Tumurtushaa G,Zhang Y L 2018 arXiv:1812.11105[hep-th]
[24]Dimopoulos K, Markkanen T 2018 arXiv:1807.04359[astroph.CO]
[25]Glavan D, Prokopec T, Starobinsky A A 2018 Eur. Phys. J.C 78 371
[26] Dinda B R 2019 arXiv:1904.10418[astro-ph.CO]
[27]Dimakis N, Paliathanasis A, Terzis P A, Christodoulakis T2019 arXiv:1904.09713[gr-qc]
[28]Johnson J P, Shankaranarayanan S 2019 arXiv:1904.07608[astro-ph.CO]
[29]Rani S, Jawad A, Bamba K, Malik I U 2019 arXiv:1904.04633[physics.gen-ph]
[30]Li X L, Shafieloo A, Sahni V, Starobinsky A A 2019 arXiv:1904.03790[astro-ph.CO]
[31] Zhang H C, Xu L X 2019 arXiv:1904.03545[gr-qc]
[32] Nielsen J T, Guffanti A, Sarkar S 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 219
[33] Lukierski J, Nowicki A 2003 Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 18 7